{"id":"https://openalex.org/W74535526","doi":null,"title":"GPS Carrier-Phase RAIM","display_name":"GPS Carrier-Phase RAIM","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W74535526","mag":"74535526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:74535526","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=2522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523930","display_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 1995)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 1995)","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109146768","display_name":"Duncan B. Cox","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duncan B. Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043211100","display_name":"William R. Michalson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William R. Michalson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hua Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4942-5395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4942-5395"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4942-5395","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00885165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1975","last_page":"1984"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13487","display_name":"Statistical and numerical algorithms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gps","display_name":"GPS","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrity-monitoring","display_name":"integrity monitoring","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-geometry","display_name":"satellite geometry","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waas","display_name":"WAAS","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laas","display_name":"LAAS","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionospheric-delay","display_name":"ionospheric delay","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"multipath propagation","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sa","display_name":"SA","score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position-estimation","display_name":"positioning","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"redundancy","score":0.46399998664855957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.8329607844352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6849227547645569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6351660490036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5950479507446289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5819025039672852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94821174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2135146","display_name":"Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring","level":4,"score":0.5747607350349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.54256272315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5410998463630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5255172252655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45363128185272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3665531873703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.3532094359397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.214877188205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14095637202262878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12040269374847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09611690044403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0938144326210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.08714884519577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:74535526","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract.cfm?articleID=2522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523930","display_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 1995)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GPS 1995)","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2607009560","https://openalex.org/W2096040244","https://openalex.org/W1974895452","https://openalex.org/W2104155200","https://openalex.org/W2002751124","https://openalex.org/W2094875868","https://openalex.org/W2152823660","https://openalex.org/W1998117765","https://openalex.org/W2625760134","https://openalex.org/W41128140"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carrier":[0],"phase":[1,80,159,197,258],"data":[2,81,160,198,288,296,305],"from":[3,20,82,161,199,289,297,383],"four":[4,151],"or":[5,84,126,152,163,201,242,351,386],"more":[6,85,127,153,164,202,243],"GPS":[7,86,165,203],"satellites":[8,87,118,128,154,166,204,244],"can\nbe":[9,88,167],"used":[10,89,168,179,219,272],"to":[11,71,90,105,138,169,180,207,224,273,311,336,343,372,437],"determine":[12,73,91],"the":[13,16,51,77,92,102,106,121,133,144,184,187,212,229,247,253,257,266,284,326,329,339,344,349,365,390,397,413,440],"evolution":[14,442],"of":[15,18,50,54,101,117,142,173,186,211,252,256,263,276,286,364,396,418,443],"trajectory":[17],"a\nvehicle":[19],"an":[21,362],"arbitrary":[22],"initial":[23,93,134,230],"position":[24,40,94,135,214],"with":[25,156,238,249,261,328],"great\nprecision":[26],"and":[27,43,446],"high":[28],"update":[29],"rate.":[30],"The":[31,99,279],"accuracy":[32,145],"is":[33,232,301,361,405,421,428,435],"limited\nprimarily":[34],"by":[35],"incremental":[36,222,239,323],"errors":[37,57,104,108],"in":[38,111,220,325,331,334,357,416],"satellite":[39,112,419],"and\ntime,":[41],"ionospheric":[42,332,340,345],"tropospheric":[44],"delay,":[45],"multipath,":[46],"and\nSA.":[47],"If":[48],"estimates":[49,172,210],"primary":[52],"components":[53],"satellite\nand":[55],"propagation":[56],"are":[58,381],"provided":[59],"through":[60],"LAAS":[61,352,387,447],"or\nWAAS":[62],"correction":[63,78,295],"messages,":[64],"then":[65],"phase-based":[66],"techniques\ncan":[67],"allow":[68,354],"a":[69,139,298,313,394,400],"user":[70],"accurately":[72],"their":[74],"trajectory\nevolution":[75,174],"at":[76],"epochs.\nCarrier":[79],"five":[83,162],"associated":[95],"with\nthe":[96],"above":[97],"trajectory.":[98],"sensitivity":[100],"position\nestimation":[103],"measurement":[107],"decreases":[109],"as\nchanges":[110],"geometry":[113],"evolve.":[114],"Increasing":[115],"the\nnumber":[116],"generally":[119],"improves":[120],"rate":[122],"of\nsensitivity":[123],"reduction":[124],"(seven":[125],"results":[129],"in\nrapid":[130],"convergence).":[131],"Once":[132,228],"has":[136],"been\ndetermined":[137],"certain":[140],"level":[141],"accuracy,":[143],"is\nessentially":[146],"preserved":[147],"as":[148,150],"long":[149],"are\navailable":[155],"suitable":[157,250,379],"geometry.\nCarrier":[158],"provide":[170,208,225],"redundant":[171,209],"and,":[175,215],"hence,":[176,216],"can":[177,205,217,235,270],"be":[178,218,236,271,307,312],"detect":[181],"new\n(incremental,":[182],"since":[183],"start":[185],"trajectory)":[188],"violations\nof":[189],"integrity":[190,231],"criteria.":[191],"We":[192],"call":[193],"this":[194,317,373],"\u201cincremental\nRAIM.\u201c[":[195],"l]\nCarrier":[196],"six":[200],"be\nused":[206],"trajectory\u2019s\ninitial":[213],"conjunction\nwith":[221],"RAIM":[223,268,402,427],"absolute":[226],"RAIM\nalarms,":[227],"established,":[233],"absolute\nRAIM":[234],"continued":[237],"RAIM,\nrequiring":[240],"live":[241],"(not":[245],"necessarily":[246],"same\nones)":[248],"geometry.\nBecause":[251],"enhanced":[254],"resolution":[255],"data,":[259,265],"in\ncomparison":[260],"that":[262,300,404,425],"pseudorange":[264,304],"carrier-\nphase":[267],"system":[269,403],"enhance":[274],"the\nperformance":[275],"conventional":[277],"RAIM.":[278],"amount":[280],"of\nimprovement":[281],"depends":[282],"upon":[283],"availability":[285],"suitable\nerror-correction":[287],"whatever":[290],"augmentation":[291],"system\nis":[292],"being":[293],"utilized.\nThe":[294],"WAAS":[299,350],"designed":[302],"for\nonly":[303],"may":[306],"sufficient":[308],"for":[309,338,439],"carrier-phase\nRAIM":[310],"useful":[314],"augmentation.":[315,388],"In":[316,370,389,407],"case,":[318],"the\ncarrier-phase-RAIM":[319],"algorithm":[320,415],"would":[321],"incorporate\naccumulated":[322],"changes":[324,330],"WAAS\ncorrections,":[327],"&lay\nreversed":[333],"sign":[335],"account":[337],"phase\nadvances":[341],"corresponding":[342],"group":[346],"delays.\nHowever,":[347],"modifying":[348],"corrections\nmay":[353],"further":[355],"improvements":[356],"carrier-phase":[358,401,414,426],"RAIM\nperformance.\nThis":[359],"paper":[360],"extension":[363],"discussion":[366],"presented":[367],"in\n[":[368],"11.":[369],"contrast":[371],"earlier":[374],"discussion,":[375],"here":[376],"we":[377,392],"assume\nthat":[378],"corrections":[380],"received":[382],"either":[384],"a\nWAAS":[385],"following\nsections":[391],"present":[393],"description":[395],"underlying":[398],"theory\nfor":[399],"under\ndevelopment.":[406],"addition,":[408],"some":[409],"preliminary":[410],"results\nobtained":[411],"using":[412],"the\npresence":[417],"failures":[420],"presented.":[422],"These":[423],"results\nsuggest":[424],"possible":[429],"for\nCategory":[430],"I":[431],"approach.":[432],"This":[433],"concept":[434],"expected":[436],"be\nimportant":[438],"successful":[441],"future":[444],"GPS\nWAAS":[445],"systems.":[448]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}