{"id":"https://openalex.org/W73644144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2","title":"The Flynn Effect in the Caribbean: Generational Change of Cognitive Test Performance in Dominica","display_name":"The Flynn Effect in the Caribbean: Generational Change of Cognitive Test Performance in Dominica","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W73644144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2","mag":"73644144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S159917255","display_name":"Mankind Quarterly","issn_l":"0025-2344","issn":["0025-2344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320563","host_organization_name":"Institute for the Study of Man","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for the Study of Man"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mankind Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011358703","display_name":"Gerhard Meisenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-6001","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-6001"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerhard Meisenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091087634","display_name":"Elliott Lawless","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elliott Lawless","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066521305","display_name":"Eleonor Lambert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleonor Lambert","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anne Newton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne Newton","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9042,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92310828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"1","first_page":"29","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flynn-effect","display_name":"Flynn effect","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iq-gains","display_name":"IQ gains","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-test-performance","display_name":"cognitive test performance","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominica","display_name":"Dominica","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caribbean","display_name":"Caribbean","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raven-s-standard-progressive-matrices","display_name":"Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-knowledge","display_name":"vocabulary knowledge","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort-effects","display_name":"cohort effects","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-changes","display_name":"age-related changes","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/afro-caribbean","display_name":"Afro-Caribbean","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-development","display_name":"economic development","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-evolution","display_name":"cultural evolution","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.6129999756813049}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173354102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510887","display_name":"Raven's Progressive Matrices","level":3,"score":0.7749589681625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.6477242112159729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.636749804019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.6278382539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166047926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170277","display_name":"Intelligence quotient","level":3,"score":0.5643929839134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5446346402168274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.5148174166679382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79550985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7157263","display_name":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","level":3,"score":0.4566967785358429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.44070595502853394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3849155306816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3735100030899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.34947484731674194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23580729961395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.22919690608978271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.13350409269332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09208279848098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S159917255","display_name":"Mankind Quarterly","issn_l":"0025-2344","issn":["0025-2344"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320563","host_organization_name":"Institute for the Study of Man","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute for the Study of Man"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mankind Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10255409","https://openalex.org/W197864777","https://openalex.org/W269433984","https://openalex.org/W288570736","https://openalex.org/W320104177","https://openalex.org/W1538843251","https://openalex.org/W1557941956","https://openalex.org/W1952850074","https://openalex.org/W1969078653","https://openalex.org/W1970425406","https://openalex.org/W1972385873","https://openalex.org/W1972771568","https://openalex.org/W1973927213","https://openalex.org/W1987959969","https://openalex.org/W1988488214","https://openalex.org/W1988632883","https://openalex.org/W1990496836","https://openalex.org/W1993942855","https://openalex.org/W2003221643","https://openalex.org/W2006500696","https://openalex.org/W2010786951","https://openalex.org/W2011989120","https://openalex.org/W2019100280","https://openalex.org/W2021547597","https://openalex.org/W2021551171","https://openalex.org/W2027243170","https://openalex.org/W2030662079","https://openalex.org/W2032344422","https://openalex.org/W2037951270","https://openalex.org/W2042390282","https://openalex.org/W2044782617","https://openalex.org/W2045493299","https://openalex.org/W2048068880","https://openalex.org/W2054735272","https://openalex.org/W2058971810","https://openalex.org/W2063499175","https://openalex.org/W2063679076","https://openalex.org/W2070151478","https://openalex.org/W2070795669","https://openalex.org/W2070961646","https://openalex.org/W2073622871","https://openalex.org/W2077230430","https://openalex.org/W2077445688","https://openalex.org/W2077476378","https://openalex.org/W2084803552","https://openalex.org/W2088783730","https://openalex.org/W2092968198","https://openalex.org/W2102988123","https://openalex.org/W2103169389","https://openalex.org/W2106915081","https://openalex.org/W2126407511","https://openalex.org/W2130434025","https://openalex.org/W2136636278","https://openalex.org/W2141088880","https://openalex.org/W2141185279","https://openalex.org/W2142725648","https://openalex.org/W2150552648","https://openalex.org/W2150663784","https://openalex.org/W2157905117","https://openalex.org/W2158140689","https://openalex.org/W2312930770","https://openalex.org/W2313766163","https://openalex.org/W2315024465","https://openalex.org/W2335872747","https://openalex.org/W2489402418","https://openalex.org/W2496992222","https://openalex.org/W2506217501","https://openalex.org/W2798987172","https://openalex.org/W3152467962"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W93914893","https://openalex.org/W2998916819","https://openalex.org/W2151513817","https://openalex.org/W3215773221","https://openalex.org/W3077076557","https://openalex.org/W4411958156","https://openalex.org/W4381615680","https://openalex.org/W52584073","https://openalex.org/W3013124709","https://openalex.org/W2150663784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mental":[0],"ability,":[1],"as":[2,130],"assessed":[3],"by":[4],"standardized":[5],"tests,":[6],"is":[7,29,153],"not":[8,154],"fixed":[9],"in":[10,18,34,45,145,151,173],"time.":[11],"Large":[12],"IQ":[13,32,143],"gains":[14,172],"have":[15],"been":[16],"recorded":[17],"many":[19],"industrialized":[20],"countries":[21],"during":[22],"the":[23,35,50,72,83,98,107,112,121,136,148,178,182,193,196,212],"20th":[24],"century,":[25],"but":[26,157],"very":[27],"little":[28],"known":[30],"about":[31],"trends":[33],"less":[36],"developed":[37],"countries.":[38],"The":[39,163,209],"present":[40],"study":[41],"investigates":[42],"generational":[43],"changes":[44],"mental":[46],"test":[47,168],"performance":[48],"on":[49,165],"Caribbean":[51],"island":[52],"of":[53,74,85,124,211],"Dominica.":[54],"In":[55],"a":[56,141,166,201],"cross-sectional":[57],"design,":[58],"Raven's":[59],"Standard":[60],"Progressive":[61],"Matrices":[62],"were":[63,92,128,185],"administered":[64],"to":[65,111,160,190],"two":[66,126,197],"age":[67,119,198],"groups:":[68],"young":[69],"adults":[70,81],"between":[71,82,177,195],"ages":[73,84],"18":[75],"and":[76,79,87,101,132,181,218],"25":[77],"years,":[78],"older":[80,99],"51":[86],"62":[88],"years.":[89],"Raw":[90],"scores":[91],"23.3":[93],"\u00b1":[94,103],"11.4":[95],"points":[96,105,156],"for":[97,106,116,215],"generation":[100],"36.1":[102],"10.9":[104],"younger":[108],"generation.":[109],"Compared":[110],"current":[113],"British":[114,138],"norms":[115,139],"their":[117],"respective":[118],"groups,":[120],"average":[122],"IQs":[123],"these":[125],"cohorts":[127],"estimated":[129],"61":[131],"73,":[133],"respectively.":[134],"Since":[135],"age-specific":[137],"reflect":[140],"rising":[142],"trend":[144],"Britain":[146],"already,":[147],"real":[149],"gain":[150],"Dominica":[152],"12":[155],"approximately":[158],"17":[159],"19":[161],"points.":[162],"results":[164],"vocabulary":[167],"suggest":[169],"similar":[170],"cohort":[171,202],"word":[174],"knowledge.":[175],"Differences":[176],"Afro-Caribbean":[179],"majority":[180],"native":[183],"Caribs":[184],"small.":[186],"Data":[187],"are":[188,221],"presented":[189],"show":[191],"that":[192],"difference":[194],"groups":[199],"represents":[200],"effect":[203,214],"rather":[204],"than":[205],"an":[206],"aging":[207],"effect.":[208],"implications":[210],"Flynn":[213],"economic":[216],"development":[217],"cultural":[219],"evolution":[220],"discussed.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}