{"id":"https://openalex.org/W72555486","doi":null,"title":"Breast screening and ethnic minorities.","display_name":"Breast screening and ethnic minorities.","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W72555486","mag":"72555486","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8782797","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2149862"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1521113","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2149862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2149862","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038890270","display_name":"Tanya Hoare","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11983389","display_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hstj355","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T Hoare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept Health Care Studies, Manchester Metropolitan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept Health Care Studies, Manchester Metropolitan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038890270"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11983389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72678191,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":null,"first_page":"S38","last_page":"41"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10556","display_name":"Global Cancer Incidence and Screening","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10556","display_name":"Global Cancer Incidence and Screening","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13544","display_name":"Women's cancer prevention and management","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11361","display_name":"Digital Radiography and Breast Imaging","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer-screening","display_name":"breast cancer screening","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-minorities","display_name":"ethnic minorities","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screening-participation","display_name":"screening uptake","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asian-women","display_name":"Asian women","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer-incidence","display_name":"breast cancer incidence","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-migration","display_name":"return migration","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screening-invitations","display_name":"screening invitations","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-factors","display_name":"socioeconomic factors","score":0.593999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7372136116027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.6045705676078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5933642387390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5381800532341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778491387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17011492","display_name":"Breast cancer screening","level":5,"score":0.5205753445625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5026988983154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.47304338216781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.4409354031085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779105887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30103","display_name":"Minority group","level":3,"score":0.43186450004577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776463041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044843","display_name":"Cancer screening","level":3,"score":0.41719844937324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Mammography","level":4,"score":0.3745965361595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.3667213022708893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.32911622524261475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29456083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899","display_name":"Gynecology","level":1,"score":0.32022523880004883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.31504327058792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.19118091464042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1382637917995453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08656966686248779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.07208752632141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005006","descriptor_name":"Ethnicity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006296","descriptor_name":"Health Services","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008403","descriptor_name":"Mass Screening","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008913","descriptor_name":"Minority Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1521113","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2149862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2149862","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2149862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Br J Cancer Suppl","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:8782797","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8782797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The British journal of cancer. Supplement","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:72555486","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8782797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:1521113","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2149862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1868894840","https://openalex.org/W1972394683","https://openalex.org/W1974800512","https://openalex.org/W1976188985","https://openalex.org/W2012292303","https://openalex.org/W2023437351","https://openalex.org/W2025817069","https://openalex.org/W2027470766","https://openalex.org/W2037085398","https://openalex.org/W2060826955","https://openalex.org/W2074659681","https://openalex.org/W2150127974","https://openalex.org/W2154890702","https://openalex.org/W2411299376","https://openalex.org/W2418741860","https://openalex.org/W2461971568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002265826","https://openalex.org/W1979893346","https://openalex.org/W2041348065","https://openalex.org/W2162302109","https://openalex.org/W3035970785","https://openalex.org/W12252847","https://openalex.org/W2139335864","https://openalex.org/W2019299188","https://openalex.org/W7100586706","https://openalex.org/W2003002112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,39],"concern":[1],"for":[2,82,146,157,164,205,233,278],"minority":[3,73,185,206],"ethnic":[4,74,102,186,207],"women":[5,51,75,128,137,166,208],"is":[6,92,122,159,269],"whether":[7],"they":[8,110],"are":[9,29,42,57,76],"disadvantaged":[10],"either":[11],"in":[12,33,44,69,87,104,138,242,265,295],"terms":[13,89],"of":[14,17,22,26,36,63,107,152,184,194,197,200,215,225,245,276],"the":[15,34,53,64,83,105,139,153,174,192,198,243,273,296],"incidence":[16,35],"breast":[18,37,84,90,246],"cancer":[19,91],"or":[20,170],"because":[21],"a":[23,78,93,221,226,236],"lower":[24,60,133],"uptake":[25,106,125,244,280],"screening.":[27],"There":[28],"considerable":[30],"worldwide":[31],"variations":[32],"cancer.":[38],"lowest":[40],"rates":[41],"found":[43],"Chinese,":[45],"Japanese":[46],"and":[47,50,56,109,142,281],"Arabic":[48],"populations":[49],"from":[52],"Indian":[54,175],"subcontinent,":[55],"2-3":[58],"times":[59],"than":[61,134,148],"that":[62,259,290],"UK.":[65],"This":[66,251],"may":[67,111,129,202],"change":[68],"future":[70],"generations.":[71],"Although":[72],"not":[77,130,253],"high":[79],"risk":[80],"group":[81],"screening":[85,161,201,247],"programme,":[86],"absolute":[88],"major":[94],"health":[95],"problem.":[96],"Very":[97],"few":[98],"studies":[99],"have":[100],"measured":[101],"differences":[103],"screening,":[108],"be":[112,132,144,203,231,263,293],"confounded":[113],"by":[114,126,135,167,248],"such":[115],"factors":[116],"as":[117],"socio-economic":[118],"group.":[119],"When":[120],"this":[121],"accounted":[123],"for,":[124],"Asian":[127,165,249],"necessarily":[131],"other":[136,266],"same":[140],"area":[141],"can":[143,292],"higher":[145],"black":[147],"white":[149],"women.":[150,250],"One":[151],"most":[154,297],"important":[155],"reasons":[156,277],"non-attendance":[158],"inaccurate":[160],"registers,":[162],"compounded":[163],"their":[168,260],"return,":[169],"extended":[171],"visits,":[172],"to":[173,217,230,271,284],"subcontinent.":[176],"A":[177],"further":[178],"organisational":[179],"issue":[180],"concerns":[181],"poor":[182],"awareness":[183],"naming":[187],"systems,":[188],"causing":[189],"confusion":[190],"over":[191],"receipt":[193],"invitations.":[195],"Comprehension":[196],"concept":[199],"difficult":[204],"yet":[209],"there":[210],"has":[211],"been":[212],"little":[213],"evaluation":[214],"strategies":[216],"promote":[218],"understanding.":[219],"However":[220],"randomised":[222],"controlled":[223],"trial":[224],"linkworker":[227],"intervention,":[228],"designed":[229],"feasible":[232],"implementation":[234],"on":[235],"population":[237],"basis,":[238],"showed":[239],"no":[240],"increase":[241],"does":[252],"undermine":[254],"linkworkers'":[255],"role":[256],"but":[257],"suggests":[258],"efforts":[261],"should":[262],"used":[264],"ways.":[267],"It":[268],"essential":[270],"assess":[272],"relative":[274],"importance":[275],"low":[279],"evaluate":[282],"measures":[283],"meet":[285],"any":[286],"unmet":[287],"need,":[288],"so":[289],"resources":[291],"directed":[294],"effective":[298],"way.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}