{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225866533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221","title":"Short-Session GNSS Monitoring of Normal Heights Above Underground Mine Workings: Optimisation of a Multi-Reference Configuration and Inter-Cycle Comparison with Precise Levelling","display_name":"Short-Session GNSS Monitoring of Normal Heights Above Underground Mine Workings: Optimisation of a Multi-Reference Configuration and Inter-Cycle Comparison with Precise Levelling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225866533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162211221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117359180","display_name":"G. Meirambek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7163-2593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7163-2593"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guldana Meirambek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161651648","display_name":"Zhandos Shakirov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7058-6179","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7058-6179"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhandos Shakirov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7058-6179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066793730","display_name":"Emil Bayramov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-5373","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-5373"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60559429","display_name":"Nazarbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/052bx8q98","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Bayramov","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Department of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-5373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Department of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60559429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061393619","display_name":"Kanay Rysbekov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3959-550X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3959-550X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanay Rysbekov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3959-550X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086103197","display_name":"\u041c. Nurpeissova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3956-5442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3956-5442"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marzhan Nurpeissova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161525647","display_name":"Dinara Kirgizbaeva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinara Kirgizbaeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021869451","display_name":"Saule Soltabayeva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1330-2174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1330-2174"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saule Soltabayeva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053293462","display_name":"Shynar Aitkazinova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0964-3008","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0964-3008"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shynar Aitkazinova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059404169","display_name":"M. S.","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9155-6332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9155-6332"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulmira Madimarova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5150787250","display_name":"\u0410.\u041d. \u041d\u0443\u0440\u0436\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1712-3837","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1712-3837"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alima Nurzhussupova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1712-3837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, O.A. Baikonurov Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kazakh National Research Technical University Named After K.I. Satbayev, 22 Satbayev Street., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"22","first_page":"11221","last_page":"11221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.8359000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.8359000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13511","display_name":"Geodetic Measurements and Engineering Structures","score":0.10930000245571136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13941","display_name":"Geotechnical and Mining Engineering","score":0.032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.7394000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172849965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3148875","display_name":"Reference frame","level":3,"score":0.7208999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100260852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961466","display_name":"Levelling","level":2,"score":0.6639000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80989030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Geoid","level":3,"score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5181999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.5092999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180966878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Undulation of the geoid","level":4,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60478076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036835","display_name":"Reference data","level":2,"score":0.400299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80551277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11210","display_name":"Coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168498295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641296","display_name":"Total station","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136428324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838414","display_name":"Deformation monitoring","level":3,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162211221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162211221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"monitoring":[1,32,39],"of":[2,10,16,24,47,72,84,127,154,189,198,229,235,298,306,315,329],"an":[3,57],"underground":[4],"mining":[5],"area":[6],"requires":[7],"separating":[8],"movement":[9],"the":[11,17,22,44,66,70,73,95,100,141,155,186,190,214,226,230,233,236,239,265,286,295,313,316,321,327],"monitored":[12],"surface":[13,45],"from":[14,171],"instability":[15],"reference":[18,60,122,144,191,267],"frame":[19,145],"while":[20,51],"maintaining":[21],"feasibility":[23],"observations":[25,91],"within":[26,232],"short":[27],"field":[28],"windows.":[29],"At":[30],"a":[31,147,151,160,193,346,358],"site":[33],"covering":[34],"approximately":[35],"2.2":[36],"km2,":[37],"twelve":[38],"benchmarks":[40],"are":[41,77],"located":[42],"above":[43],"projections":[46],"mapped":[48],"mine-working":[49],"corridors,":[50],"Burovaya,":[52],"Poselkovyi,":[53],"and":[54,69,106,120,130,218,238,275,282,288,292,323,337,348],"5784":[55],"form":[56],"external":[58,250],"triangular":[59],"subnetwork;":[61],"Burovaya":[62],"was":[63,205,211,219,245,252,335],"adopted":[64],"as":[65,345,357],"primary":[67],"point,":[68],"coordinates":[71],"two":[74],"secondary":[75],"stations":[76,123],"re-determined":[78],"in":[79,140,247],"each":[80],"cycle.":[81],"Five":[82],"cycles":[83],"dual-frequency":[85],"global":[86],"navigation":[87],"satellite":[88],"system":[89],"(GNSS)":[90],"were":[92,113,135,183,272],"conducted":[93,253],"using":[94,146],"Global":[96,101],"Positioning":[97],"System":[98,104],"(GPS),":[99],"Navigation":[102],"Satellite":[103],"(GLONASS),":[105],"Galileo":[107],"jointly.":[108],"The":[109,256],"same":[110,296],"rover":[111],"records":[112],"reprocessed":[114],"under":[115],"nine":[116],"conditions:":[117],"one,":[118],"two,":[119],"three":[121],"with":[124,150],"nested":[125],"intervals":[126],"15,":[128],"30,":[129],"60":[131,269,310,330,341],"min.":[132],"Ellipsoidal":[133],"heights":[134,139],"converted":[136],"to":[137,179],"normal":[138],"Baltic":[142],"height":[143,156],"local":[148],"transformation":[149],"planar":[152],"approximation":[153],"component,":[157],"without":[158],"applying":[159],"geoid":[161],"or":[162],"quasigeoid":[163],"model.":[164],"Interferometric":[165],"synthetic":[166],"aperture":[167],"radar":[168],"(InSAR)":[169],"data":[170],"21":[172],"Sentinel-1C":[173],"epochs":[174],"spanning":[175],"26":[176],"May":[177],"2025":[178],"2":[180],"June":[181],"2026":[182],"used":[184],"for":[185,207,264,278],"spatio-temporal":[187],"characterisation":[188],"configuration;":[192],"relative":[194,227],"line-of-sight":[195],"(LOS)":[196],"velocity":[197],"+0.0":[199],"\u00b1":[200],"1.9":[201],"mm/year":[202],"(formal":[203],"1\u03c3)":[204],"obtained":[206],"Burovaya;":[208],"its":[209],"magnitude":[210],"smaller":[212],"than":[213,356],"quoted":[215],"formal":[216],"uncertainty":[217],"not":[220],"statistically":[221,338,359],"significant.":[222],"This":[223],"result":[224],"supports":[225],"stability":[228],"station":[231],"sensitivity":[234],"method":[237],"observation":[240],"period.":[241],"Precise":[242],"geometric":[243],"levelling":[244,293],"performed":[246],"Cycles":[248,279,307],"3\u20135;":[249],"evaluation":[251],"at":[254,300,309],"Rp-1\u2026Rp-12.":[255],"cycle-specific":[257],"root":[258],"mean":[259],"square":[260],"difference":[261],"(RMSE)":[262],"values":[263],"\u2018three":[266],"stations,":[268],"min\u2019":[270],"mode":[271],"4.6,":[273],"3.5,":[274],"2.4":[276],"mm":[277],"3,":[280],"4,":[281],"5,":[283],"respectively.":[284],"For":[285],"3\u21924":[287],"4\u21925":[289],"transitions,":[290],"GNSS":[291],"indicated":[294],"direction":[297],"change":[299],"all":[301],"12":[302],"benchmarks.":[303],"Paired":[304],"analysis":[305],"3\u20135":[308],"min":[311,331,334,342],"confirmed":[312],"advantage":[314,328],"tested":[317],"three-reference":[318],"configuration":[319],"over":[320,332],"one-":[322],"two-reference":[324],"configurations,":[325],"whereas":[326],"30":[333],"small":[336],"non-significant.":[339],"Therefore,":[340],"is":[343],"regarded":[344],"practical":[347],"robust":[349],"working":[350],"interval":[351],"among":[352],"those":[353],"tested,":[354],"rather":[355],"demonstrated":[360],"optimum.":[361]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-11-13T00:00:00"}