{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225835170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","title":"Determinants of Workplace Safety Climate in Iron and Steel Industries in Tanzania","display_name":"Determinants of Workplace Safety Climate in Iron and Steel Industries in Tanzania","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225835170","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069221452","display_name":"Saumu Shabani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1327-900X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1327-900X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saumu Shabani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021570044","display_name":"Bente Elisabeth Moen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0435-3124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0435-3124"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4432739","display_name":"University of Bergen","ror":"https://ror.org/03zga2b32","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bente Elisabeth Moen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bergen"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bergen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041963566","display_name":"Teferi Abegaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-1869","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-1869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teferi Abegaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Addis Ababa University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Addis Ababa University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008614044","display_name":"Simon Mamuya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3104-8176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3104-8176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Henry Mamuya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021570044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4432739"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10809","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14091","display_name":"Industrial and Mining Safety","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992901906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1561274","display_name":"Safety climate","level":3,"score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779240384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1561274","display_name":"Safety culture","level":2,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5128999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333024","display_name":"Personal protective equipment","level":5,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992278090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Work safety","level":2,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994198235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14493193","display_name":"Workplace safety","level":3,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781439815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21050962","display_name":"Safety behaviors","level":4,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.3434999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14498672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5347280","display_name":"Effective safety training","level":5,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7838","display_name":"Swahili","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780763229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2389289","display_name":"Occupational injury","level":4,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185654502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831922","display_name":"Organisation climate","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982844603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628858","display_name":"Work environment","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57827392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3143849","display_name":"Occupational hygiene","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11371928/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1626808640","https://openalex.org/W2029960414","https://openalex.org/W2074381379","https://openalex.org/W2079794491","https://openalex.org/W2338174963","https://openalex.org/W2344710487","https://openalex.org/W2773940671","https://openalex.org/W2922033514","https://openalex.org/W2945709072","https://openalex.org/W3142563519","https://openalex.org/W3154112992","https://openalex.org/W4220673098","https://openalex.org/W4285055602","https://openalex.org/W4303696807","https://openalex.org/W4310095973","https://openalex.org/W4321371453","https://openalex.org/W4384341094","https://openalex.org/W4402926207","https://openalex.org/W4404586990","https://openalex.org/W4407190650","https://openalex.org/W4413896422","https://openalex.org/W7128165073","https://openalex.org/W7172270592"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Introduction":[1],"Safety":[2,95],"climate":[3,43,166,187],"has":[4,15],"been":[5],"associated":[6],"with":[7,122,219],"several":[8],"workplace":[9,41,216],"safety":[10,29,42,108,119,146,165,186,220],"outcomes.":[11],"However,":[12],"limited":[13],"research":[14],"examined":[16],"its":[17],"determinants.":[18],"Understanding":[19],"these":[20],"determinants":[21,106,184],"is":[22],"essential":[23],"for":[24,226],"developing":[25],"and":[26,44,47,53,67,75,133,139,152,170,180,191,211,222],"implementing":[27],"effective":[28],"improvement":[30],"strategies.":[31],"Therefore,":[32],"this":[33],"study":[34,61,175],"aimed":[35],"to":[36,104,161,204,214],"assess":[37],"the":[38,51,79,89,93,168,189,209],"relationship":[39],"between":[40],"selected":[45],"sociodemographic":[46],"organizational":[48],"factors":[49],"in":[50,56,64,71,167,188],"iron":[52,66,169,190],"steel":[54,68,171,192],"industry":[55],"Tanzania.":[57,72],"Methods":[58],"A":[59],"cross-sectional":[60],"was":[62],"conducted":[63],"four":[65,125],"industrial":[69],"sites":[70],"Three":[73],"hundred":[74],"twenty-one":[76],"workers":[77,112],"from":[78],"production":[80],"lines":[81],"participated.":[82],"Data":[83],"were":[84,102,157],"collected":[85],"through":[86],"interviews":[87],"using":[88],"Swahili":[90],"version":[91],"of":[92,107,118,127,185],"Nordic":[94],"Climate":[96],"Questionnaire":[97],"(NOSACQ-50-":[98],"Kiswahili).":[99],"Regression":[100],"analyses":[101],"used":[103],"identify":[105],"climate.":[109,120],"Results":[110],"Most":[111],"(80,4%)":[113],"reported":[114],"a":[115,163,228],"low":[116],"level":[117],"Workers":[121],"more":[123,159],"than":[124],"years":[126],"experience":[128,179],"(adjusted":[129,148],"odds":[130,149],"ratio":[131,150],"2.22,":[132],"95":[134,153],"percent":[135,154],"confidence":[136,155],"interval":[137],"1.04\u20134.72)":[138],"those":[140],"who":[141],"had":[142],"received":[143],"on-the-":[144],"job":[145],"training":[147,182],"2.12,":[151],"interval1.02-4.42)":[156],"significantly":[158],"likely":[160],"report":[162],"positive":[164],"industry.":[172,193],"Conclusions":[173],"This":[174],"indicates":[176],"that":[177,206],"work":[178,230],"on-the-job":[181,198],"are":[183],"Organizations":[194],"should":[195],"prioritize":[196],"comprehensive":[197],"training,":[199],"particularly":[200],"during":[201],"employee":[202],"induction,":[203],"ensure":[205],"recruits":[207],"acquire":[208],"knowledge":[210],"skills":[212],"necessary":[213],"recognize":[215],"hazards,":[217],"comply":[218],"procedures,":[221],"understand":[223],"their":[224],"responsibility":[225],"maintaining":[227],"safe":[229],"environment.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
