{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225834358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","title":"Forward mass flow and melt pool tailoring in keyhole laser welding driven by high frequency two-point longitudinal beam oscillation","display_name":"Forward mass flow and melt pool tailoring in keyhole laser welding driven by high frequency two-point longitudinal beam oscillation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225834358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161445841","display_name":"Aurelien Wohrer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Empa","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aurelien Wohrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Empa Thun Branch: EMPA Thun Standort"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Empa Thun Branch: EMPA Thun Standort","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027811016","display_name":"Evangelos Skoulas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-048X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-048X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evangelos Skoulas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Empa Materials Science and Technology: Empa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-048X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Empa Materials Science and Technology: Empa","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083031966","display_name":"Pinku Yadav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4014-627X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4014-627X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Empa","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pinku Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Empa Thun Branch: EMPA Thun Standort"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Empa Thun Branch: EMPA Thun Standort","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060046167","display_name":"Chang Rajani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-8206","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1691-8206"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Empa","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Rajani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Empa Thun Branch: EMPA Thun Standort"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Empa Thun Branch: EMPA Thun Standort","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016520435","display_name":"Alexander Rack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9486-3621","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9486-3621"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801997478","display_name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility","ror":"https://ror.org/02550n020","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801997478"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Rack","raw_affiliation_strings":["ESRF"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ESRF","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801997478"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119112562","display_name":"Elia Iseli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5814-7051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5814-7051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71824836","display_name":"Empa","ror":"https://ror.org/02x681a42","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elia Iseli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Empa Thun Branch: EMPA Thun Standort"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Empa Thun Branch: EMPA Thun Standort","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71824836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10705","display_name":"Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10732","display_name":"Laser Material Processing Techniques","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776139624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Keyhole","level":3,"score":0.8701000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776143536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7980866","display_name":"Weld pool","level":5,"score":0.6944000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.6597999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6488999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19474535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131172","display_name":"Welding","level":2,"score":0.5181000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89344249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937468","display_name":"Laser beam welding","level":3,"score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33493971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3295893","display_name":"Mass flow","level":2,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151637689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318064","display_name":"Dwell time","level":2,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139002025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001212","display_name":"Lift (data mining)","level":2,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83893533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5462121","display_name":"Flow visualization","level":3,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164369957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755092","display_name":"Melt flow index","level":4,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193493375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1306232","display_name":"Penetration depth","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775840915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817528","display_name":"Plume","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200649887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154544","display_name":"Laser power scaling","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41325743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261040","display_name":"Pressure sensor","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11113082/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W812509974","https://openalex.org/W2018131552","https://openalex.org/W2023856897","https://openalex.org/W2044665398","https://openalex.org/W2055149929","https://openalex.org/W2149477081","https://openalex.org/W2176751782","https://openalex.org/W2470781325","https://openalex.org/W2489009328","https://openalex.org/W2568266592","https://openalex.org/W2962453790","https://openalex.org/W3087684754","https://openalex.org/W3127470267","https://openalex.org/W4312061515","https://openalex.org/W4366831520","https://openalex.org/W4391070394","https://openalex.org/W4391708315","https://openalex.org/W4392459217","https://openalex.org/W4392653436","https://openalex.org/W4392877767","https://openalex.org/W4402763296","https://openalex.org/W4403259500","https://openalex.org/W4409177100","https://openalex.org/W4409868595","https://openalex.org/W4411669436","https://openalex.org/W7133758215"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Melt":[1],"pool":[2,100,128,218,239],"geometry":[3,240],"in":[4,80],"laser":[5,11],"welding":[6],"is":[7],"usually":[8],"tuned":[9],"through":[10],"power,":[12],"scanning":[13],"speed":[14],"and":[15,30,35,37,58,71,79,122,147,176,207,233,241,248],"beam":[16,22],"profile.":[17],"Here":[18],"we":[19],"show":[20],"that":[21,157],"wobble":[23],"can":[24],"instead":[25],"tailor":[26],"its":[27],"width,":[28],"depth":[29],"shape":[31,202],"at":[32,66,86,105,111,138,189,203,245],"constant":[33],"power":[34,247],"speed,":[36],"also":[38],"impose":[39],"a":[40,96,102,123,153],"directed":[41],"mass":[42,243],"flow":[43,156,166],"inside":[44],"the":[45,52,134,139,144,148,177,196,200,204,209],"pool.":[46],"Three":[47],"two":[48],"point":[49],"patterns":[50],"along":[51],"scan":[53],"direction,":[54],"balanced,":[55],"front":[56,225],"heavy":[57],"back":[59],"heavy,":[60],"are":[61,220],"studied":[62],"on":[63],"316L":[64],"steel":[65],"1":[67],"to":[68,73,113,173,187,213,224],"4":[69],"kHz":[70],"0":[72],"1000":[74],"\u00b5m":[75,115,132],"amplitude,":[76,107],"using":[77],"metallography":[78],"situ":[81],"synchrotron":[82],"X":[83],"ray":[84],"imaging":[85],"50,400":[87],"frames":[88],"per":[89],"second.":[90],"Amplitude":[91],"alone":[92],"drives":[93,152],"three":[94],"regimes:":[95],"deep,":[97],"narrow":[98],"melt":[99,127,238],"with":[101],"stationary":[103],"keyhole":[104,135],"low":[106],"an":[108],"unstable":[109],"regime":[110],"100":[112],"300":[114],"where":[116,133],"porosity":[117],"peaks":[118],"near":[119],"200":[120],"\u00b5m,":[121],"restabilized":[124],"onion":[125,201],"shaped":[126],"above":[129],"about":[130,214],"400":[131],"forms":[136],"only":[137],"extremities.":[140],"Rear":[141],"preheating":[142],"enlarges":[143],"rear":[145,223],"keyhole,":[146],"resulting":[149],"pressure":[150],"asymmetry":[151],"drag":[154],"dominated":[155],"sweeps":[158],"pores":[159,164],"forward":[160,169,180],"for":[161],"reabsorption.":[162],"Tracking":[163],"as":[165],"tracers":[167],"gives":[168,195],"velocities":[170],"of":[171],"up":[172,212],"240":[174],"\u00b5m/ms,":[175],"fraction":[178],"carried":[179],"rises":[181],"from":[182,222],"one":[183],"half":[184],"without":[185],"oscillation":[186],"0.88":[188],"800":[190],"\u00b5m.":[191,216],"The":[192,217],"balanced":[193],"pattern":[194],"fastest":[197],"flow,":[198],"reaches":[199],"lowest":[205],"amplitude":[206,232],"keeps":[208],"deepest":[210],"penetration":[211],"450":[215],"contents":[219],"swept":[221],"several":[226],"times":[227],"before":[228],"solidification.":[229],"Dwell":[230],"distribution,":[231],"frequency":[234],"thus":[235],"control":[236],"both":[237],"internal":[242],"transport":[244],"fixed":[246],"speed.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
