{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225833187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","title":"AI is ready, but are the students. From answer-making to sense-making","display_name":"AI is ready, but are the students. From answer-making to sense-making","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225833187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160787710","display_name":"Antoinette Stone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stone, Antoinette","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102593631","display_name":"Ruoning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5442-6148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5442-6148"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhang, Ruoning","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161490609","display_name":"Brian Utter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utter, Brian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.6333000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.6333000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.1940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.07980000227689743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.7366999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2063340","display_name":"Sensemaking","level":2,"score":0.6000999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4291999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984927552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845734","display_name":"Graphical display","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58581272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12741163","display_name":"Workspace","level":3,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155846161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367","display_name":"Graphical model","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2611.13404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Students":[0],"in":[1,23,45,116],"introductory":[2,56],"physics":[3,57],"often":[4],"struggle":[5],"with":[6,53],"interpreting":[7],"kinematics":[8],"graphs,":[9],"especially":[10],"when":[11],"connecting":[12],"graphical":[13,60],"features":[14],"to":[15,30,79,119,139],"physical":[16],"meaning.":[17],"We":[18],"investigated":[19],"AI":[20,137],"tool":[21],"use":[22],"kinematic":[24],"graphing":[25],"analysis":[26],"as":[27,141],"an":[28,95],"intervention":[29],"support":[31],"active":[32],"sensemaking.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35],"examines":[36],"GPT-5":[37,54,69,99],"performance":[38,100],"on":[39],"the":[40,49,63,67,117,125,128],"Test":[41],"of":[42,66,127],"Understanding":[43],"Graphs":[44],"Kinematics":[46],"(TUG-K)":[47],"and":[48,77,92],"way":[50],"students":[51],"interacted":[52],"during":[55],"activities":[58],"involving":[59],"analysis.":[61],"For":[62],"first":[64],"part":[65],"study,":[68],"responses":[70],"were":[71,90],"evaluated":[72],"across":[73],"repeated":[74],"TUG-K":[75],"trials":[76],"compared":[78],"previously":[80],"reported":[81],"GPT-4":[82],"performance.":[83],"Following":[84],"that":[85,131],"analysis,":[86],"student-GPT-5":[87],"dialogue":[88,107],"episodes":[89,108],"collected":[91],"analyzed":[93],"using":[94],"inductive":[96],"coding":[97],"scheme.":[98],"results":[101],"show":[102],"markedly":[103],"improved":[104],"accuracy.":[105],"Student-GPT-5":[106],"evolved":[109],"from":[110],"mostly":[111],"procedural":[112],"answer-making":[113],"requests":[114],"early":[115],"term,":[118,129],"more":[120],"reflective":[121],"sensemaking":[122],"interactions":[123],"at":[124],"end":[126],"suggesting":[130],"instructional":[132],"framing":[133],"is":[134],"needed":[135],"for":[136],"tools":[138],"function":[140],"meaningful":[142],"peer-like":[143],"learning":[144],"supports.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}