{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225833175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439","title":"Resolution of the Lower Mass Gap Anomaly and Compact Object Stability in GW190814: Substrate Bulk Modulus Hardening, Non-Singular Cauchy Equilibrium, and the Natural Extension of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Limit","display_name":"Resolution of the Lower Mass Gap Anomaly and Compact Object Stability in GW190814: Substrate Bulk Modulus Hardening, Non-Singular Cauchy Equilibrium, and the Natural Extension of the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Limit","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225833175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24144439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035360742","display_name":"Mirko Nov\u00e1k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0571-6238","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0571-6238"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nov\u00e1k, Miroslav","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035360742"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11960","display_name":"Relativity and Gravitational Theory","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192887742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202","display_name":"Neutron star","level":2,"score":0.7660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7415000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134853933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208641","display_name":"Hydrostatic equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.49790000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777925532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357201","display_name":"Mass gap","level":2,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18444321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368442","display_name":"Compact star","level":3,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147452769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452","display_name":"General relativity","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152568617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348","display_name":"Neutron","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190330329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035","display_name":"Gravitational wave","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40336117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7204575","display_name":"Plenum space","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121854251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62932","display_name":"Elasticity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94406020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900371","display_name":"Bulk modulus","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24144439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24144440","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24144439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24144439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,232],"maximum":[1,222],"gravitational":[2],"mass":[3,28,61,72,124,224,254],"of":[4,49,60,130,148,216],"a":[5,56,78,141,243],"cold,":[6],"non-rotating":[7],"neutron":[8,33,79,142,247],"star":[9,80,143,248],"in":[10,69,236],"General":[11],"Relativity":[12],"is":[13,127,144,238],"bounded":[14],"by":[15,51,98],"the":[16,31,36,46,52,70,99,112,123,181,200,207,221,253],"Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff":[17],"(TOV)":[18],"limit":[19],"(M_TOV^max":[20],"\u2248":[21,163,169,227],"2.1\u20132.2":[22],"M_sun),":[23],"establishing":[24],"an":[25,116,128,134,145,156,189,212],"empirical":[26],"\"lower":[27],"gap\"":[29],"between":[30],"heaviest":[32],"stars":[34],"and":[35,166],"lightest":[37],"astrophysical":[38],"black":[39],"holes":[40],"(M_BH":[41],"\u2273":[42,178],"5.0":[43],"M_sun).":[44],"However,":[45],"gravitational-wave":[47],"detection":[48],"GW190814":[50,237],"LIGO-Virgo":[53],"collaboration":[54],"revealed":[55],"secondary":[57],"compact":[58],"object":[59,76,235],"M_2":[62],"=":[63,195],"2.59":[64,233],"(+0.08/-0.09)":[65],"M_sun,":[66],"residing":[67],"directly":[68,154],"forbidden":[71],"gap.":[73],"Reconciling":[74],"this":[75],"as":[77,115,133],"within":[81,155],"standard":[82],"general-relativistic":[83],"astrophysics":[84],"requires":[85],"extreme":[86,175],"near-breakup":[87],"rotation":[88],"frequencies":[89],"(f":[90],">":[91],"1100":[92],"Hz)":[93],"that":[94,122,206],"are":[95],"strongly":[96],"excluded":[97],"measured":[100],"spin":[101],"prior":[102],"(\u03c7_2":[103],"\u2264":[104],"0.07).":[105],"Building":[106],"upon":[107],"our":[108],"foundational":[109],"series":[110],"on":[111],"physical":[113],"vacuum":[114],"elastically":[117],"pre-stressed":[118],"continuum,":[119],"we":[120],"show":[121],"gap":[125,255],"anomaly":[126],"artifact":[129],"treating":[131],"space":[132],"empty":[135],"geometric":[136],"manifold.":[137],"In":[138],"continuum":[139],"elastodynamics,":[140],"ultra-dense":[146],"cluster":[147],"topological":[149],"nucleon":[150],"strain":[151],"solitons":[152],"embedded":[153],"elastic":[157,192],"substrate":[158,183],"possessing":[159],"bulk":[160,209],"modulus":[161],"K_v":[162,196],"(5/3)":[164],"P_0":[165,168],"pre-stress":[167],"7.48":[170],"\u00d7":[171],"10^24":[172],"Pa.":[173],"Under":[174],"compression":[176],"(\u03c1_c":[177],"2\u20133":[179],"\u03c1_nuc),":[180],"intervening":[182],"undergoes":[184],"non-linear":[185],"volumetric":[186],"stiffening,":[187],"generating":[188],"opposing":[190],"Cauchy":[191],"counter-stress":[193],"\u2207P_elasto":[194],"\u2207(\u2207\u00b7u).":[197],"We":[198],"derive":[199],"modified":[201],"elastodynamic":[202],"TOV":[203],"equation,":[204],"proving":[205],"vacuum's":[208],"elasticity":[210],"provides":[211],"additional":[213],"~0.48":[214],"M_sun":[215,234],"non-divergent":[217],"hydrostatic":[218],"support,":[219],"raising":[220],"stable":[223],"to":[225,241],"M_max^elasto":[226],"2.63":[228],"\u00b1":[229],"0.07":[230],"M_sun.":[231],"thus":[239],"proven":[240],"be":[242],"stable,":[244],"non-singular,":[245],"ultra-heavy":[246],"under":[249],"Occam's":[250],"razor,":[251],"eliminating":[252],"paradox":[256],"without":[257],"exotic":[258],"quark":[259],"cores":[260],"or":[261],"singular":[262],"event":[263],"horizons.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}