{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225831733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24","title":"La delincuencia organizada y los mecanismos de extorsi\u00f3n","display_name":"La delincuencia organizada y los mecanismos de extorsi\u00f3n","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225831733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.70577/a137pd24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407053613","display_name":"Visi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica","issn_l":"3103-1536","issn":["3103-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["latindex"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Visi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161447279","display_name":"Dom\u00e9nica Camila Cerda Esp\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-0969","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-0969"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dom\u00e9nica Camila Cerda Esp\u00edn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-0969","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5153326895","display_name":"Jimmy Jos\u00e9 Ramires Cevallos","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimmy Jos\u00e9 Ramires Cevallos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4699-5109","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"429","last_page":"451"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0820000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779066997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6452087","display_name":"Extortion","level":2,"score":0.9735000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71043370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4932206","display_name":"Jurisprudence","level":2,"score":0.57669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.54830002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.5151000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.47049999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38609999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27219730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46952","display_name":"Organised crime","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910235986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6528049","display_name":"Public defender","level":3,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143515210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2479662","display_name":"Legal psychology","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.70577/a137pd24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407053613","display_name":"Visi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica","issn_l":"3103-1536","issn":["3103-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["latindex"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Visi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.70577/a137pd24","doi":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.70577/a137pd24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407053613","display_name":"Visi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica","issn_l":"3103-1536","issn":["3103-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["latindex"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Visi\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4232741242","https://openalex.org/W4385776363","https://openalex.org/W4389672889","https://openalex.org/W4390366333","https://openalex.org/W4390933664","https://openalex.org/W4404034419","https://openalex.org/W4407256192","https://openalex.org/W4407401968","https://openalex.org/W4414893941","https://openalex.org/W6979888601","https://openalex.org/W7164427260","https://openalex.org/W7171202357"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,257],"research":[1],"analyzes":[2],"the":[3,8,22,46,53,56,63,94,97,99,111,117,132,148,175,192,197,202,206,217,223,239,245,250,261,266,277,281,291,299,313,316,319,326,331,334,337,342],"criminal":[4,180],"justice":[5],"response":[6],"to":[7,13,44,71,142,147,195,216,280],"rise":[9],"in":[10,16,25,127,140,144,152,236],"extortion":[11,33,128,210,274,303],"linked":[12],"organized":[14],"crime":[15,240],"Ecuador,":[17],"with":[18,69,131],"an":[19],"emphasis":[20],"on":[21,171],"legal":[23,47,67,72,104],"difficulties":[24,235],"distinguishing":[26],"between":[27],"intimidation,":[28,264],"attempted":[29,59,302],"extortion,":[30,60],"and":[31,61,75,87,90,108,116,124,161,168,204,308,318,341],"completed":[32,273],"when":[34,238,304],"no":[35],"actual":[36,163],"transfer":[37],"of":[38,49,55,58,65,96,114,179,219,222,290,301,315],"assets":[39],"occurs.":[40],"The":[41,182,212],"objective":[42],"was":[43,81],"examine":[45],"structure":[48,218],"these":[50],"behaviors,":[51],"determine":[52,174],"application":[54,300],"concept":[57],"establish":[62],"consequences":[64],"different":[66],"classifications":[68],"respect":[70],"certainty,":[73],"proportionality,":[74],"due":[76],"process.":[77],"A":[78],"qualitative":[79],"approach":[80],"used,":[82],"employing":[83],"a":[84,122,272],"documentary":[85],"design":[86],"legal-dogmatic,":[88],"interpretive,":[89],"systematic":[91],"methods,":[92],"through":[93],"study":[95,183],"Constitution,":[98],"Comprehensive":[100,224,292],"Organic":[101,225,293],"Criminal":[102,226,294],"Code,":[103,227],"doctrine,":[105],"institutional":[106,193],"data,":[107],"jurisprudence":[109],"from":[110,138],"National":[112],"Court":[113],"Justice":[115],"Constitutional":[118],"Court.":[119],"There":[120],"is":[121,241,285,321],"clear":[123],"sustained":[125],"increase":[126],"reports":[129],"filed":[130],"State":[133],"Attorney":[134],"General's":[135],"Office,":[136],"rising":[137],"2,080":[139],"2020":[141],"23,087":[143],"2024,":[145],"according":[146],"statistical":[149],"series":[150],"used":[151],"this":[153],"research.":[154],"These":[155],"figures":[156],"represent":[157],"only":[158],"reported":[159],"cases":[160],"not":[162,190,254],"court":[164],"proceedings":[165],"or":[166,177,231,270],"convictions,":[167],"therefore":[169],"cannot,":[170],"their":[172],"own,":[173],"effectiveness":[176],"ineffectiveness":[178],"reforms.":[181],"also":[184],"identifies":[185],"that":[186,208,287,330],"harsher":[187],"penalties":[188],"do":[189],"replace":[191],"capacity":[194],"investigate":[196],"crimes,":[198],"protect":[199],"victims,":[200],"track":[201],"proceeds,":[203],"identify":[205],"structures":[207],"direct":[209],"operations.":[211],"main":[213],"finding":[214],"relates":[215],"Article":[220,288],"185":[221],"whose":[228],"verbs":[229],"\"demand":[230],"compel\"":[232],"can":[233],"create":[234],"determining":[237],"consummated,":[242],"even":[243],"if":[244],"threat":[246],"affects":[247],"freedom":[248],"but":[249],"financial":[251],"loss":[252],"does":[253],"actually":[255,344],"occur.":[256],"situation":[258],"favors":[259],"reclassifying":[260],"conduct":[262],"as":[263],"despite":[265],"demonstrated":[267],"economic":[268],"purpose,":[269],"attributing":[271],"without":[275],"proving":[276],"elements":[278,343],"corresponding":[279],"imputed":[282],"modality.":[283],"It":[284],"concluded":[286],"39":[289],"Code":[295],"(COIP)":[296],"allows":[297],"for":[298],"there":[305],"are":[306],"suitable":[307],"unequivocal":[309],"acts":[310,338],"directed":[311],"toward":[312],"commission":[314],"crime,":[317],"consummation":[320],"thwarted":[322],"by":[323],"causes":[324],"beyond":[325],"perpetrator's":[327],"control,":[328],"provided":[329],"classification":[332],"considers":[333],"operative":[335],"verb,":[336],"carried":[339],"out,":[340],"proven.":[345]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}