{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225831103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m","title":"On the Efficiency and Durability of Ocean Iron Fertilization as a Carbon Dioxide Removal Solution","display_name":"On the Efficiency and Durability of Ocean Iron Fertilization as a Carbon Dioxide Removal Solution","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225831103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x51v6m","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158246137","display_name":"David Siegel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Siegel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161468131","display_name":"Kana Yamamoto","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kana Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063318458","display_name":"Tim DeVries","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-9430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-9430"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim DeVries","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry","score":0.7979000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry","score":0.7979000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12615","display_name":"Climate Change and Geoengineering","score":0.18459999561309814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.63919997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.608299970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182626311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1312789","display_name":"Iron fertilization","level":4,"score":0.5424000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200479807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3180251","display_name":"Biological pump","level":4,"score":0.5163999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6939412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon cycle","level":3,"score":0.49709999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36574619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449096","display_name":"Dissolved organic carbon","level":2,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149677717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611523","display_name":"Carbon sink","level":3,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195048187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4468919","display_name":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","level":3,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197248824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184395","display_name":"Seawater","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187599188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129558","display_name":"Ocean current","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130622031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56298528","display_name":"Negative carbon dioxide emission","level":4,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143050476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194502","display_name":"Sink (geography)","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158787203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900291","display_name":"Total organic carbon","level":2,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46002017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1657165","display_name":"Atmospheric carbon cycle","level":4,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24717449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515905","display_name":"Primary production","level":3,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71915725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846303","display_name":"Biogeochemical cycle","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993678126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon flux","level":3,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145597803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97704244","display_name":"Total inorganic carbon","level":3,"score":0.27079999446868896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31223/x51v6m","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31223/x51v6m","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31223/x51v6m","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ocean":[0],"iron":[1,26],"fertilization":[2],"(OIF)":[3],"is":[4,56,152,190,239],"thought":[5],"to":[6,17,27,42,47,117,140,235],"be":[7,65,132],"a":[8,118,125,135,220],"promising":[9],"CO2":[10,46,96,168,196],"removal":[11],"(CDR)":[12],"methodology":[13],"that":[14,123,212],"can":[15,89,184],"contribute":[16],"net":[18],"negative":[19],"carbon":[20,55,62,77,238],"emission":[21],"goals.":[22],"In":[23],"principle,":[24],"adding":[25],"iron-depleted":[28],"regions":[29],"of":[30,39,72,85,93,108,145,159,166,194,222,229],"the":[31,37,50,59,73,81,91,104,160,195,204,227,233,237],"ocean":[32,34,68,113,155,205,223],"enhances":[33],"productivity":[35],"and":[36,70,80,106,157,163,180,192,215,225,232],"export":[38,127,172],"organic":[40],"matter":[41],"depth":[43,234],"allowing":[44],"atmospheric":[45,95],"invade":[48],"into":[49],"ocean.":[51],"However,":[52],"if":[53],"no":[54],"buried":[57],"on":[58],"seafloor,":[60],"OIF":[61,94,109,130,177,188,213],"sequestration":[63],"will":[64,131,175,201],"temporary.":[66],"Furthermore,":[67],"mixing":[69,156],"subduction":[71,158],"perturbed":[74],"dissolved":[75],"inorganic":[76],"(DIC)":[78],"distribution":[79],"relatively":[82],"slow":[83,164],"rates":[84,165],"air-sea":[86,167],"gas":[87,230],"exchange":[88,231],"alter":[90],"efficiency":[92,105,138,178,214],"uptake.":[97],"To":[98],"investigate":[99],"these":[100],"processes,":[101],"we":[102],"assess":[103],"durability":[107,216],"CDR":[110,189],"using":[111],"an":[112],"circulation":[114,224],"model":[115],"coupled":[116],"well-mixed":[119],"atmosphere.":[120],"We":[121],"find":[122],"for":[124,206],"typical":[126],"flux":[128,173],"profile,":[129],"inefficient,":[133],"with":[134],"global":[136,181],"mean":[137,182],"relative":[139],"direct":[141],"air":[142],"capture":[143],"(DAC)":[144],"24%":[146],"after":[147,198],"20":[148,199],"years.":[149,208],"The":[150],"inefficiency":[151],"driven":[153],"by":[154,219],"DIC":[161],"perturbation":[162],"exchange.":[169],"Deeper":[170],"penetrating":[171],"profiles":[174],"increase":[176],"substantially":[179],"efficiencies":[183],"approach":[185],"~50%.":[186],"Nonetheless,":[187],"durable":[191],"most":[193],"sequestered":[197],"years":[200],"remain":[202],"in":[203],">100":[207],"Our":[209],"work":[210],"demonstrates":[211],"are":[217],"determined":[218],"combination":[221],"mixing,":[226],"rate":[228],"which":[236],"exported":[240],"before":[241],"being":[242],"remineralized.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
