{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225830855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","title":"Mastery Motivation in Young Children with Williams Syndrome or Down Syndrome","display_name":"Mastery Motivation in Young Children with Williams Syndrome or Down Syndrome","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225830855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075948319","display_name":"Caroline G. Richter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4810-1770","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4810-1770"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline G. Richter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4810-1770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161441790","display_name":"Melissa L. Hillock","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa L. Hillock","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisville"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101441702","display_name":"Alecia Mercier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2625-3782","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2625-3782"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alecia Mercier","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Alabama at Birmingham"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2625-3782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005364972","display_name":"Angela M. Becerra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-065X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-065X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela M. Becerra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Louisville"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4369-065X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Louisville","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004024117","display_name":"Vitor Neves Guimar\u00e3es","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-7747","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-7747"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitor N. Guimaraes","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8030-7747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033114289","display_name":"Carolyn \u0392. Mervis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-6115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-6115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolyn B. Mervis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-6115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13258","display_name":"Williams Syndrome Research","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2806","display_name":"Developmental Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13258","display_name":"Williams Syndrome Research","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2806","display_name":"Developmental Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11015","display_name":"Down syndrome and intellectual disability research","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.8281999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.6930999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781240822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558077","display_name":"Williams syndrome","level":3,"score":0.6665999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170389","display_name":"Persistence (discontinuity)","level":2,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551499885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183560","display_name":"Intellectual disability","level":2,"score":0.5967000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5026000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020552372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079090","display_name":"Typically developing","level":3,"score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993245651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570691","display_name":"Adaptive functioning","level":2,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779954681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47715","display_name":"Down syndrome","level":2,"score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208195","display_name":"Pleasure","level":2,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68784500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1570691","display_name":"Adaptive behavior","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994439179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353284","display_name":"Intellectual ability","level":3,"score":0.37290000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776933062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861413","display_name":"Mastery learning","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158227716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815990","display_name":"Need for achievement","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C986699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20685875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239678","display_name":"Predictive validity","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206705377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5575184","display_name":"Goal theory","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103879163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378697","display_name":"Mental age","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988635931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7761689","display_name":"Special educational needs","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991809551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2910672","display_name":"Intellectual development","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11654191/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Mastery":[1],"motivation":[2,34,70,177,221],"supports":[3],"goal-directed":[4],"behavior":[5,82,189],"and":[6,10,23,71,80,94,135,159,171,199,231,238,240,248,254],"contributes":[7],"to":[8,31,51,144],"learning":[9],"development,":[11],"yet":[12],"little":[13],"is":[14],"known":[15],"about":[16],"this":[17],"construct":[18,226],"in":[19,35,209,227],"children":[20,98,123,129,228],"with":[21,37,45,54,87,99,124,130,229],"intellectual":[22,78,110,197,236],"developmental":[24,225],"disabilities.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27],"\u2013":[28,41],"the":[29,102,145,149,242],"first":[30],"examine":[32],"mastery":[33,69,92,95,141,168,176,220],"individuals":[36],"Williams":[38],"syndrome":[39,56,153,213],"(WS)":[40],"compared":[42],"31":[43,52],"preschoolers":[44,53],"WS":[46,88,125,230],"(M":[47],"age":[48,59],"=4.12":[49],"years)":[50,61],"Down":[55],"(DS;":[57],"M":[58],"=4.22":[60],"using":[62],"both":[63,152,252],"a":[64,72,193,223],"task-based":[65,103,119],"observational":[66],"measure":[67],"of":[68,77,174,188,235,244],"parent-report":[73],"questionnaire.":[74],"Standardized":[75],"measures":[76,173],"ability":[79,198,237],"adaptive":[81,210],"were":[83,179],"also":[84],"administered.":[85],"Children":[86],"demonstrated":[89],"significantly":[90,107,117,126,166,181],"less":[91],"persistence":[93,134,158,202],"pleasure":[96],"than":[97,128],"DS":[100,131],"on":[101,118,132,140,167],"measure,":[104,151],"despite":[105],"having":[106],"higher":[108],"overall":[109,133,157,196,201],"ability.":[111],"The":[112],"groups":[113,154],"did":[114,163,215],"not":[115,139,164,180],"differ":[116,165],"competence.":[120],"Parents":[121],"rated":[122],"lower":[127,156],"general":[136,160],"competence":[137,161],"but":[138,162],"pleasure.":[142,169],"Relative":[143],"norming":[146],"sample":[147],"for":[148,205],"parent":[150],"had":[155],"Task-based":[170],"parent-reported":[172,200],"corresponding":[175],"constructs":[178],"correlated,":[182],"suggesting":[183],"they":[184],"capture":[185],"different":[186],"aspects":[187],"across":[190,251],"contexts.":[191,256],"In":[192],"multiple":[194],"regression,":[195],"each":[203],"accounted":[204],"significant":[206],"unique":[207],"variance":[208],"behavior,":[211],"whereas":[212],"group":[214],"not.":[216],"These":[217],"findings":[218],"establish":[219],"as":[222],"meaningful":[224],"DS,":[232],"beyond":[233],"consideration":[234],"diagnosis,":[239],"highlight":[241],"importance":[243],"assessing":[245],"its":[246],"instrumental":[247],"expressive/affective":[249],"components":[250],"structured":[253],"everyday":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
