{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225830622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685","title":"An Empirical Framework for Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Disclosure Tone and Its Financial Implications","display_name":"An Empirical Framework for Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Disclosure Tone and Its Financial Implications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225830622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.59091/2460-9196.2685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240883","display_name":"Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking","issn_l":"1410-8046","issn":["1410-8046","2460-9196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315001","host_organization_name":"Bank Indonesia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315001"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bank Indonesia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111897334","display_name":"Ankur Agarwal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223959643","display_name":"Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05ncvf986","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223959643"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["sam higginbottom university of agriculture technology and sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"sam higginbottom university of agriculture technology and sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223959643"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108704314","display_name":"Shashi Prabha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0408-0653","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0408-0653"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223959643","display_name":"Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05ncvf986","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223959643"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashi Prabha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223959643"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110584198","display_name":"Raghav Yadav","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223959643","display_name":"Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/05ncvf986","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223959643"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghav Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223959643"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223959643"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"3","first_page":"517","last_page":"544"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10115","display_name":"Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10115","display_name":"Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10081","display_name":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13794","display_name":"Financial Reporting and XBRL","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.6682999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141261163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218600","display_name":"Corporate social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.559499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.5141000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.4415000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185669311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163221","display_name":"Return on assets","level":3,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.37950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155530773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591174","display_name":"Return on equity","level":3,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781027943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192907","display_name":"Financial statement","level":3,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779055846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940976","display_name":"Voluntary disclosure","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151392489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5419946","display_name":"Executive compensation","level":3,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989037723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358347","display_name":"Electronic data","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98014903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832161","display_name":"Financial ratio","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668727","display_name":"Sustainability reporting","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163428354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047513","display_name":"Cash flow","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.59091/2460-9196.2685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240883","display_name":"Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking","issn_l":"1410-8046","issn":["1410-8046","2460-9196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315001","host_organization_name":"Bank Indonesia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315001"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bank Indonesia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.59091/2460-9196.2685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.59091/2460-9196.2685","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210240883","display_name":"Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking","issn_l":"1410-8046","issn":["1410-8046","2460-9196"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","doaj","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315001","host_organization_name":"Bank Indonesia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315001"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bank Indonesia"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,62,159,172,213],"model":[4,157],"that":[5],"measures":[6],"the":[7,49,70,113,178,204],"tone":[8,84,118,164],"of":[9,69,116,185,206],"Corporate":[10],"Social":[11],"Responsibility":[12],"(CSR)":[13],"disclosures":[14],"in":[15],"U.S.":[16],"Securities":[17],"and":[18,23,35,54,66,90,135,144,187,191,198,208,215,222],"Exchange":[19],"Commission":[20],"(SEC)":[21],"submissions":[22],"examines":[24],"its":[25,223],"association":[26],"with":[27,40,92,124,168,175],"corporate":[28],"performance.":[29],"We":[30,111],"systematically":[31],"gather":[32],"Form":[33,36],"10-K":[34],"20-F":[37],"filings":[38],"along":[39],"related":[41],"eXtensible":[42],"Business":[43],"Reporting":[44],"Language":[45],"(XBRL)":[46],"information":[47],"from":[48,77],"Electronic":[50],"Data":[51],"Gathering,":[52],"Analysis,":[53],"Retrieval":[55],"(EDGAR)":[56],"system,":[57],"identify":[58],"CSR-related":[59],"excerpts":[60,71],"utilising":[61,141],"specialised":[63],"sustainability":[64,220],"lexicon,":[65],"evaluate":[67,153],"sentiment":[68],"using":[72],"Financial":[73,86],"Bidirectional":[74],"Encoder":[75],"Representations":[76],"Transformers":[78],"(FinBERT)":[79],"to":[80,171,189],"develop":[81],"firm-year":[82],"CSR":[83,162],"metrics.":[85],"data":[87],"are":[88,180],"standardized":[89],"supplemented":[91],"key":[93],"metrics":[94],"(e.g.,":[95],"Net":[96],"Margin,":[97],"Return":[98,102],"on":[99,103],"Equity":[100],"(ROE),":[101],"Assets":[104],"(ROA),":[105],"free":[106],"cash":[107],"flow,":[108],"market":[109],"capitalization).":[110],"investigate":[112],"economic":[114],"significance":[115],"disclosure":[117,163,227],"through":[119],"Ordinary":[120],"Least":[121,132],"Squares":[122],"(OLS)":[123],"robust":[125],"errors,":[126],"regularised":[127],"regression":[128],"techniques":[129],"(Ridge":[130],"Regression,":[131],"Absolute":[133],"Shrinkage":[134],"Selection":[136],"Operator":[137],"(Lasso),":[138],"Elastic":[139],"Net)":[140,152],"cross":[142],"validation,":[143],"panel":[145],"fixed-effects":[146],"models;":[147],"additional":[148],"predictive":[149],"analyses":[150],"(Elastic":[151],"out-of-sample":[154],"validity.":[155],"Across":[156],"specifications,":[158],"more":[160],"positive":[161],"is":[165],"positively":[166],"associated":[167],"profitability":[169],"and,":[170],"lesser":[173],"degree,":[174],"valuation":[176],"indicators;":[177],"fits":[179],"modest":[181],"yet":[182],"durable":[183],"out":[184],"sample":[186],"resilient":[188],"company":[190],"year":[192],"effects.":[193],"All":[194],"artifacts\u2014code,":[195],"intermediate":[196],"datasets,":[197],"rating":[199],"outputs\u2014are":[200],"generated":[201],"comprehensively":[202],"for":[203,218],"purposes":[205],"replication":[207],"enhancement.":[209],"The":[210],"framework":[211],"provides":[212],"clear":[214],"adaptable":[216],"foundation":[217],"overseeing":[219],"communication":[221],"financial":[224],"relationships":[225],"as":[226],"practices":[228],"develop.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
