{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225830424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","title":"From Hertz\u2019s Spark to Ultrafast Photoemission Patents, Outsiders and the Invention of Functions the Eye Never Had","display_name":"From Hertz\u2019s Spark to Ultrafast Photoemission Patents, Outsiders and the Invention of Functions the Eye Never Had","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225830424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063077","display_name":"Optoelectronics","issn_l":"3043-1700","issn":["3043-1700"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optoelectronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161459881","display_name":"Mihai Ganciu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Ganciu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Detonal Inc., 132 Gala Circle, Daytona Beach, FL 32124, USA","Ferrodynamics Systems SRL, 98 Turda Street, Sector 1, 011333 Bucharest, Romania","IT Center for Science and Technology (CiTST SRL), 25 Lt. Av. Radu Beller Street, Sector 1, 011702 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Detonal Inc., 132 Gala Circle, Daytona Beach, FL 32124, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ferrodynamics Systems SRL, 98 Turda Street, Sector 1, 011333 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Center for Science and Technology (CiTST SRL), 25 Lt. Av. Radu Beller Street, Sector 1, 011702 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161459881"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"1","first_page":"5","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.5630000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.5630000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.2581000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143357915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2483628","display_name":"Attosecond","level":4,"score":0.839900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71570822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83213","display_name":"Photoelectric effect","level":2,"score":0.7821999788284302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178596936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844471","display_name":"Ultrashort pulse","level":3,"score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.5893999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.57669997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5716999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12880257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901091","display_name":"Streak camera","level":3,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781215313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493345","display_name":"SPARK (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146024833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385457","display_name":"Extreme ultraviolet","level":3,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65185188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107775","display_name":"Streak","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020368824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6546192","display_name":"Light intensity","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992916681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11391","display_name":"Vacuum ultraviolet","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55005982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3902709","display_name":"Picosecond","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778785133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25303639","display_name":"Photon energy","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776798109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11391","display_name":"Ultraviolet","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776374813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313742","display_name":"Pinhole camera","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063077","display_name":"Optoelectronics","issn_l":"3043-1700","issn":["3043-1700"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optoelectronics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/optoelectronics1010005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063077","display_name":"Optoelectronics","issn_l":"3043-1700","issn":["3043-1700"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optoelectronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963858199","https://openalex.org/W1965009489","https://openalex.org/W1978779255","https://openalex.org/W1979320454","https://openalex.org/W1986407511","https://openalex.org/W1994712115","https://openalex.org/W1997473767","https://openalex.org/W1997578994","https://openalex.org/W2005886497","https://openalex.org/W2014306526","https://openalex.org/W2018436284","https://openalex.org/W2018888066","https://openalex.org/W2027347827","https://openalex.org/W2028407400","https://openalex.org/W2028602705","https://openalex.org/W2029384238","https://openalex.org/W2030765885","https://openalex.org/W2048251016","https://openalex.org/W2050833490","https://openalex.org/W2052457796","https://openalex.org/W2054109667","https://openalex.org/W2056373470","https://openalex.org/W2064956125","https://openalex.org/W2067259649","https://openalex.org/W2071591020","https://openalex.org/W2083279022","https://openalex.org/W2083528123","https://openalex.org/W2085306507","https://openalex.org/W2090687180","https://openalex.org/W2091723156","https://openalex.org/W2093470517","https://openalex.org/W2102259153","https://openalex.org/W2113742150","https://openalex.org/W2119767565","https://openalex.org/W2137694418","https://openalex.org/W2326731923","https://openalex.org/W2530918466","https://openalex.org/W2570677932","https://openalex.org/W3012536955","https://openalex.org/W3034935407","https://openalex.org/W3043574813","https://openalex.org/W3047153919","https://openalex.org/W3110852488","https://openalex.org/W3111814337","https://openalex.org/W4236123390","https://openalex.org/W4240562735","https://openalex.org/W4376504543","https://openalex.org/W4389484188","https://openalex.org/W4415358826","https://openalex.org/W7171419595"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Photoelectric":[0],"detection":[1,199],"did":[2],"not":[3],"merely":[4],"replace":[5],"the":[6,12,36,52,85,94,110,115,121,127,130,141,151,158,162,191,195],"eye;":[7],"it":[8],"created":[9],"measurement":[10],"functions":[11],"eye":[13],"has":[14,212],"never":[15],"possessed.":[16],"This":[17,74],"Perspective":[18],"follows":[19,126],"that":[20,28,157],"transition":[21],"from":[22],"Hertz\u2019s":[23],"accidental":[24],"observation":[25],"in":[26,49,72,107,161,189,203],"1887":[27],"ultraviolet":[29],"light":[30,61],"facilitates":[31],"a":[32,64,104,204],"spark":[33],"discharge,":[34],"through":[35],"quantitative":[37],"work":[38],"of":[39,120,129,143],"Hallwachs":[40],"and":[41,56,68,89,98,136,155,168,185,200],"Stoletov,":[42],"to":[43,51,70,84],"German":[44],"patent":[45,105,122],"No.":[46],"66969,":[47],"granted":[48],"1892":[50],"schoolteachers":[53],"Julius":[54],"Elster":[55],"Hans":[57],"Geitel":[58],"for":[59],"measuring":[60],"intensity":[62],"with":[63,146],"photoelectric":[65,182],"vacuum":[66],"cell":[67,132],"allowed":[69],"lapse":[71],"1895.":[73],"first":[75],"patented":[76],"photoemissive":[77],"detector":[78],"delivered":[79],"an":[80,178],"electric":[81],"current":[82],"proportional":[83],"incident":[86],"light,":[87],"objective":[88],"recordable,":[90],"five":[91],"years":[92,100],"before":[93,101],"electron":[95,172],"was":[96],"identified":[97],"thirteen":[99],"Einstein,":[102,125],"then":[103],"examiner":[106],"Bern,":[108],"explained":[109],"effect.":[111],"The":[112,181],"article":[113],"discusses":[114],"plausible":[116],"but":[117],"undocumented":[118],"influence":[119],"office":[123],"on":[124,174],"descendants":[128],"Elster\u2013Geitel":[131],"into":[133],"image":[134],"sensors":[135],"photomultipliers,":[137],"which":[138,190],"made":[139],"possible":[140],"tests":[142],"Bell\u2019s":[144],"inequalities":[145],"entangled":[147],"photons":[148],"recognised":[149],"by":[150],"2022":[152],"Nobel":[153],"Prize,":[154],"shows":[156],"pattern":[159],"recurs":[160],"laser":[163],"era,":[164],"where":[165],"multiphoton,":[166],"strong-field":[167],"attosecond":[169,187],"photoemission":[170,202],"resolve":[171],"dynamics":[173],"timescales":[175],"shorter":[176],"than":[177],"optical":[179,192],"cycle.":[180],"streak":[183],"camera":[184],"its":[186],"counterpart,":[188],"field":[193],"replaces":[194],"deflecting":[196],"voltage,":[197],"join":[198],"ultrafast":[201],"single":[205],"principle.":[206],"Throughout":[207],"this":[208],"history,":[209],"working":[210],"technology":[211],"repeatedly":[213],"preceded":[214],"physical":[215],"understanding.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
