{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225830394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082","title":"A Weak Physically Unclonable Function Security Model for Encapsulated Escherichia coli Colony-Pattern Tokens: Longitudinal Stability, Cross-Device Robustness and Registration-Gated Authentication","display_name":"A Weak Physically Unclonable Function Security Model for Encapsulated Escherichia coli Colony-Pattern Tokens: Longitudinal Stability, Cross-Device Robustness and Registration-Gated Authentication","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225830394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography10060082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161483088","display_name":"Jinling Hu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinling Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058221073","display_name":"Xiangfeng Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-6256","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0006-6256"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangfeng Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340771","display_name":"Hongtao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8477-9338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8477-9338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412034","display_name":"Zhen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-6457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-6457","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7548-1115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shayu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7548-1115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100340771","https://openalex.org/A5100412034"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993","https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"82","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7516000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5774999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.45910000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193319292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272172","display_name":"Hamming distance","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154504017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853614","display_name":"Identifier","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63361517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645805","display_name":"Hamming weight","level":5,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73150493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853922","display_name":"Hamming code","level":4,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110406131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41349","display_name":"Smart card","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119839945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6545185","display_name":"Unique identifier","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136085584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910289","display_name":"Overlay","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography10060082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cryptography10060082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography10060082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223320","display_name":"Cryptography","issn_l":"2410-387X","issn":["2410-387X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cryptography","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Item-level":[0],"authentication":[1],"requires":[2],"a":[3,168],"physical":[4],"identifier":[5],"that":[6],"remains":[7],"distinguishable":[8],"under":[9,40],"legitimate":[10],"changes":[11],"in":[12],"acquisition.":[13,194],"We":[14],"evaluate":[15],"ethanol-treated,":[16],"methylene":[17],"blue-stained,":[18],"and":[19,50,59,74,99,103,162,185],"polydimethylsiloxane-encapsulated":[20],"Escherichia":[21],"coli":[22],"colony":[23],"patterns":[24],"as":[25],"weak":[26],"physically":[27],"unclonable":[28],"function":[29],"(PUF)":[30],"tokens.":[31],"Each":[32],"query":[33],"is":[34],"verified":[35],"against":[36],"the":[37,121,147],"reference":[38],"enrolled":[39],"its":[41],"claimed":[42],"identifier.":[43],"Thirty":[44],"tokens":[45,180],"were":[46,131,138],"evaluated":[47],"by":[48],"panoramic":[49,124,179],"localized":[51,136],"imaging":[52],"at":[53,140],"enrollment,":[54],"1":[55],"h,":[56],"3":[57,60],"months,":[58],"months":[61],"with":[62,191],"an":[63],"iPhone.":[64],"Panoramic":[65],"inter-token":[66],"normalized":[67],"Hamming":[68],"distance":[69,76],"was":[70],"0.4966":[71],"\u00b1":[72,80,84],"0.0105,":[73],"genuine":[75,150],"rose":[77],"from":[78],"0.0086":[79],"0.0019":[81],"to":[82],"0.0147":[83],"0.0036":[85],"across":[86,96],"devices.":[87],"Registration":[88],"rejected":[89],"5167":[90],"of":[91,134,152,178],"5220":[92],"directed":[93],"impostor":[94,105],"claims":[95],"both":[97],"modalities":[98],"all":[100,127],"conditions.":[101],"Genuine":[102],"gate-passing":[104],"scores":[106],"separated":[107],"within":[108],"each":[109],"condition,":[110],"but":[111],"no":[112],"single":[113],"deployment":[114],"threshold":[115,125],"gives":[116],"zero":[117],"observed":[118,149],"error.":[119],"At":[120],"retrospectively":[122],"selected":[123],"0.03,":[126],"five":[128,135],"scanned":[129],"printouts":[130,137],"rejected.":[132],"Four":[133],"accepted":[139],"T":[141],"=":[142],"0.23,":[143],"which":[144],"also":[145],"rejects":[146],"largest":[148],"score":[151],"0.2306.":[153],"The":[154],"static":[155],"response":[156],"does":[157],"not":[158,166],"prevent":[159],"digital":[160],"replay,":[161],"entropy-budget":[163],"calculations":[164],"do":[165],"establish":[167],"cryptographically":[169],"secure":[170],"key":[171],"source.":[172],"These":[173],"results":[174],"support":[175],"further":[176],"evaluation":[177],"for":[181],"manufacturers,":[182],"supply-chain":[183],"inspectors":[184],"provenance":[186],"services":[187],"requiring":[188],"physical-item":[189],"verification":[190],"controlled":[192],"image":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}