{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225827407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102","title":"Portland Cement Mortar Incorporating Coffee Husk Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material: Preliminary Insights on Mechanical and Environmental Performance","display_name":"Portland Cement Mortar Incorporating Coffee Husk Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material: Preliminary Insights on Mechanical and Environmental Performance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225827407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/constrmater6060102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174834","display_name":"Construction Materials","issn_l":"2673-7108","issn":["2673-7108"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Construction Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161456531","display_name":"Leider Rambal Rojas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"Universidad de la Costa","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leider Rambal Rojas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161455560","display_name":"Camilo Andr\u00e9s Rada Bolivar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"Universidad de la Costa","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Camilo Andr\u00e9s Rada Bolivar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025641349","display_name":"Daniela L. Vega A.","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-7716","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-7716"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"Universidad de la Costa","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Vega Araujo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7022-7716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022067637","display_name":"Hernando Cabrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-1555","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-1555"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"Universidad de la Costa","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hernando Cabrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161477257","display_name":"Ibrahim Dawd Bermejo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1431-4029","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1431-4029"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"Universidad de la Costa","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Dawd Bermejo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1431-4029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082583385","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo Salcedo Fontalvo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4584-6547","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4584-6547"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112678","display_name":"Universidad de la Costa","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5nhr20","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Eduardo Salcedo Fontalvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069406786","display_name":"Rodrigo Polo-Mendoza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7556-2994","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7556-2994"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Polo-Mendoza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7556-2994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069406786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"6","first_page":"102","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13140","display_name":"Materials Engineering and Processing","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11672","display_name":"Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.8323000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75296557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14524280","display_name":"Husk","level":2,"score":0.7785999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779666059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cementitious","level":3,"score":0.7720999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130767629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7905205","display_name":"Mortar","level":2,"score":0.7585999965667725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5443000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77835500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694124","display_name":"Pozzolan","level":4,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87343466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236139","display_name":"Fly ash","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984708878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385378","display_name":"Construction industry","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988076202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240553","display_name":"Mechanical strength","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/constrmater6060102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174834","display_name":"Construction Materials","issn_l":"2673-7108","issn":["2673-7108"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Construction Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/constrmater6060102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6060102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174834","display_name":"Construction Materials","issn_l":"2673-7108","issn":["2673-7108"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Construction Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983925242","https://openalex.org/W2003325847","https://openalex.org/W2005818285","https://openalex.org/W2009367031","https://openalex.org/W2014379959","https://openalex.org/W2021092271","https://openalex.org/W2050212459","https://openalex.org/W2075711589","https://openalex.org/W2268874209","https://openalex.org/W2557428546","https://openalex.org/W2762437510","https://openalex.org/W2809817431","https://openalex.org/W2935908107","https://openalex.org/W2943291876","https://openalex.org/W2962025979","https://openalex.org/W3041949073","https://openalex.org/W3089099404","https://openalex.org/W3094013954","https://openalex.org/W3118384561","https://openalex.org/W3122899458","https://openalex.org/W3130368980","https://openalex.org/W3185285834","https://openalex.org/W3205380539","https://openalex.org/W3209590594","https://openalex.org/W4206461785","https://openalex.org/W4214829715","https://openalex.org/W4247359522","https://openalex.org/W4285492630","https://openalex.org/W4292183055","https://openalex.org/W4309687006","https://openalex.org/W4312140628","https://openalex.org/W4316464857","https://openalex.org/W4321379426","https://openalex.org/W4323365469","https://openalex.org/W4382752648","https://openalex.org/W4386476161","https://openalex.org/W4386629216","https://openalex.org/W4386844302","https://openalex.org/W4389266326","https://openalex.org/W4391124539","https://openalex.org/W4391941201","https://openalex.org/W4392267339","https://openalex.org/W4392926516","https://openalex.org/W4402234620","https://openalex.org/W4405149143","https://openalex.org/W4405189897","https://openalex.org/W4405549715","https://openalex.org/W4406956708","https://openalex.org/W4407739285","https://openalex.org/W4408117963","https://openalex.org/W4410283290","https://openalex.org/W4410717270","https://openalex.org/W4410869153","https://openalex.org/W4413265685","https://openalex.org/W4413904667","https://openalex.org/W4414179477","https://openalex.org/W4414305919","https://openalex.org/W4414408793","https://openalex.org/W4415361829","https://openalex.org/W4415930637","https://openalex.org/W4416129136","https://openalex.org/W4417121346","https://openalex.org/W4417333116","https://openalex.org/W7118416594","https://openalex.org/W7124509333","https://openalex.org/W7125707291","https://openalex.org/W7127051119","https://openalex.org/W7134008794","https://openalex.org/W7134285031","https://openalex.org/W7147148604","https://openalex.org/W7160435193","https://openalex.org/W7163824244","https://openalex.org/W7211889849","https://openalex.org/W7221055720","https://openalex.org/W7224449416"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,87,112,159,191],"Coffee":[3],"Husk":[4],"Ash":[5],"(CHA)":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,109],"supplementary":[9],"cementitious":[10],"material":[11],"can":[12],"reduce":[13],"Portland":[14],"cement":[15,46],"consumption,":[16],"but":[17],"its":[18],"higher":[19],"water":[20,216],"demand":[21],"and":[22,28,44,52,63,69,99,145,167,194,222],"processing":[23],"requirements":[24],"may":[25],"compromise":[26],"mechanical":[27],"environmental":[29,134,157,202],"performance.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32,34],"context,":[33],"study":[35],"evaluated":[36],"seven":[37],"mortar":[38,89],"formulations":[39],"with":[40,127,138,149,214],"0%,":[41],"3%,":[42],"5%,":[43],"10%":[45,102],"replacement":[47],"by":[48,204],"mass":[49],"under":[50],"constant":[51],"variable":[53],"water-to-binder":[54],"(w/b)":[55],"ratios.":[56],"Fluidity,":[57],"seven-day":[58],"saturated":[59],"surface-dry":[60],"bulk":[61],"density,":[62,98],"compressive":[64],"strength":[65,111,193],"at":[66,180],"7,":[67],"14,":[68],"28":[70],"days":[71],"were":[72],"assessed.":[73],"Furthermore,":[74],"an":[75],"attributional":[76],"cradle-to-gate":[77],"life-cycle":[78],"assessment":[79],"quantified":[80],"ten":[81],"impact":[82],"categories":[83],"per":[84],"cubic":[85],"meter":[86],"produced":[88],"using":[90],"TRACI":[91],"2.1.":[92],"Increasing":[93],"CHA":[94,151,179,212],"content":[95],"reduced":[96,200],"fluidity,":[97],"strength.":[100],"At":[101],"replacement,":[103],"maintaining":[104],"w/b":[105,117,181],"=":[106,182],"0.70":[107],"yielded":[108,123],"28-day":[110],"20.53":[113],"MPa,":[114,125],"whereas":[115],"increasing":[116,150],"to":[118,120],"0.81":[119],"recover":[121],"fluidity":[122],"17.57":[124],"compared":[126],"22.32":[128],"MPa":[129],"for":[130],"the":[131,155,185],"control.":[132],"Eight":[133],"impacts":[135],"decreased":[136],"progressively,":[137],"global-warming":[139],"reductions":[140],"reaching":[141],"6.70%.":[142],"Conversely,":[143],"ecotoxicity":[144],"fossil-fuel":[146],"depletion":[147],"increased":[148],"dosage,":[152],"plausibly":[153],"reflecting":[154],"energy-related":[156],"burdens":[158],"ash":[160],"processing.":[161],"Environmental":[162],"differences":[163],"between":[164],"paired":[165],"constant-":[166],"variable-w/b":[168],"mixtures":[169],"did":[170],"not":[171],"exceed":[172],"0.18":[173],"percentage":[174],"points.":[175],"MC3,":[176],"containing":[177],"3%":[178],"0.70,":[183],"provided":[184],"preferred":[186],"preliminary":[187],"compromise,":[188],"retaining":[189],"97.54%":[190],"control":[192],"achieving":[195],"112%":[196],"fluidity.":[197],"This":[198],"formulation":[199],"eight":[201],"indicators":[203],"0.62\u20132.00%.":[205],"Overall,":[206],"these":[207],"production-based":[208],"comparisons":[209],"support":[210],"limited":[211],"incorporation":[213],"controlled":[215],"content,":[217],"while":[218],"durability,":[219],"service":[220],"life,":[221],"application-specific":[223],"performance":[224],"require":[225],"further":[226],"validation.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}