{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225826309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","title":"A Language-Routed Speech-to-Action Framework for Code-Switched Indic Voice Assistants","display_name":"A Language-Routed Speech-to-Action Framework for Code-Switched Indic Voice Assistants","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225826309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237833","display_name":"Journal of Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies","issn_l":"2582-337X","issn":["2582-337X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161442074","display_name":"Shubham Pankaj Badhe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878213199","display_name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","ror":"https://ror.org/044g6d731","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubham Pankaj Badhe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127784242","display_name":"Kabeer Ahmed Merchant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1648-2832","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1648-2832"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878213199","display_name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","ror":"https://ror.org/044g6d731","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kabeer Ahmed Merchant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161420546","display_name":"Shreyas Nishad Deshmukh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878213199","display_name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","ror":"https://ror.org/044g6d731","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shreyas Nishad Deshmukh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161465326","display_name":"Shravani Bankar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878213199","display_name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","ror":"https://ror.org/044g6d731","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shravani Bankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087169654","display_name":"Minakshi Pradeep Atre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5194-201X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5194-201X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878213199","display_name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","ror":"https://ror.org/044g6d731","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minakshi Atre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Head of Department, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Head of Department, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, PVG\u2019s College of Engineering, Technology and Management, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"428","last_page":"443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.6934000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.6934000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.30489999055862427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776756274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776844415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571","display_name":"Marathi","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776230583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322198","display_name":"Spoken language","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777672088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1441804","display_name":"Pitch accent","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14999030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16346","display_name":"Speech synthesis","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237833","display_name":"Journal of Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies","issn_l":"2582-337X","issn":["2582-337X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2026.4.009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210237833","display_name":"Journal of Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies","issn_l":"2582-337X","issn":["2582-337X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Technologies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3031851686","https://openalex.org/W3213618310","https://openalex.org/W4382202628","https://openalex.org/W4402670026","https://openalex.org/W4404738457","https://openalex.org/W4405430874","https://openalex.org/W4412889660","https://openalex.org/W7138142236"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0,28],"are":[1,45],"22":[2],"Scheduled":[3],"Languages":[4],"in":[5,12,33,172,186,238],"India,":[6],"along":[7],"with":[8,155,165],"code-switching,":[9],"and":[10,61,70,120,138,149,160,176,200,208,216,225,241,245],"accents":[11],"different":[13],"dialects":[14],"make":[15],"voice":[16,222],"the":[17,64,68,76,130,173,189,206,239],"most":[18,43],"viable":[19],"medium":[20],"for":[21,39,109,152],"many":[22],"users":[23],"of":[24,89,158,180,205],"digital":[25],"public":[26],"services.":[27],"have":[29],"been":[30],"remarkable":[31],"strides":[32],"Automatic":[34],"Speech":[35],"Recognition":[36],"(ASR)":[37],"technology":[38],"Indic":[40,100,126,235],"languages,":[41],"but":[42,220],"assessments":[44],"still":[46],"limited":[47],"to":[48,75,99,170,198],"word":[49],"error":[50],"rate":[51],"(WER).":[52],"Conversely,":[53],"LLM":[54],"agents":[55],"rely":[56],"on":[57],"clean":[58],"input":[59],"text":[60],"thus":[62],"conceal":[63],"compound":[65],"failure":[66],"when":[67],"spoken":[69,123],"code-switched":[71],"object":[72],"is":[73],"mapped":[74],"Application":[77],"Programming":[78],"Interface":[79],"(API).":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"paper,":[83],"we":[84],"introduce":[85],"IndicAgent-ASR,":[86],"a":[87,117,122,135,233],"cascade":[88,240],"acoustic-to-agent":[90],"system":[91],"that":[92],"performs":[93],"language/code":[94],"switch":[95],"detection,":[96],"routes":[97],"speech":[98],"or":[101,112],"English":[102],"ASR":[103,236],"models,":[104],"canonicalizes":[105],"multilingual":[106,148],"slots,":[107],"plans":[108],"tool":[110,114],"call":[111],"dependent":[113,195,243],"call,":[115],"runs":[116],"safety":[118,246],"filter,":[119],"generates":[121],"response":[124],"using":[125,188],"text-to-speech.":[127],"We":[128],"specify":[129],"architecture,":[131],"an":[132,139],"end-to-end":[133],"flowchart,":[134],"turn-level":[136],"algorithm,":[137],"easily":[140],"reproducible":[141],"software":[142],"stack.":[143],"Published":[144],"benchmarking":[145],"results":[146],"include":[147],"code-switching":[150],"baselines":[151],"MUCS":[153],"2021":[154],"WER":[156,166],"scores":[157],"30.73%":[159],"32.45%,":[161],"best-performing":[162],"accent":[163],"models":[164],"ranging":[167],"from":[168],"10.5%":[169],"20.5%":[171],"LAHAJA":[174],"benchmark,":[175],"parameter":[177],"filling":[178],"accuracy":[179],"60.6%":[181],"(English)":[182],"against":[183],"39.2%":[184],"(Indic)":[185],"VoiceAgentBench":[187],"strongest":[190],"ASR-LLM":[191],"pipeline,":[192],"where":[193],"sequential":[194],"calls":[196],"drop":[197],"10.0%":[199],"4.3%.":[201],"The":[202,229],"feasibility":[203],"prototype":[204],"Hindi/Hinglish":[207],"Marathi":[209],"language":[210],"features":[211],"mandi,":[212],"weather,":[213],"e-health":[214],"record,":[215],"balance":[217],"check":[218],"tools,":[219],"denies":[221],"fund":[223],"transfer":[224],"prompt":[226],"injection":[227],"tools.":[228],"evidence":[230],"supports":[231],"keeping":[232],"strong":[234],"front-end":[237],"treating":[242],"tools":[244],"as":[247],"first-class":[248],"modules.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
