{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225823618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119","title":"A DirectionalShape-Adaptive Convolutional Kernel Network for Small-Object Detection","display_name":"A DirectionalShape-Adaptive Convolutional Kernel Network for Small-Object Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225823618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26227119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161419259","display_name":"Dong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4922-3689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4922-3689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4922-3689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103092868","display_name":"Hong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2993-1928","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2993-1928"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2993-1928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458087","display_name":"Yue Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-5291","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0365-5291"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5366-8058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037866934","display_name":"Jing Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-9698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-9698"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5624-9698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109461638","display_name":"Nan Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8925-539X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8925-539X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Control Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103092868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"22","first_page":"7119","last_page":"7119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6920999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6485000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.647599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.6434000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6248000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5946000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.4982999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157899210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395022","display_name":"Convolutional code","level":3,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26227119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26227119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2963460857","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2985228975","https://openalex.org/W3030520226","https://openalex.org/W3186033197","https://openalex.org/W3208645658","https://openalex.org/W4319301034","https://openalex.org/W4388915117","https://openalex.org/W4398756379","https://openalex.org/W4400859202","https://openalex.org/W4408321350","https://openalex.org/W4409366138"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"object":[1,134],"detection":[2,13],"networks":[3],"based":[4],"on":[5,149,177],"convolutional":[6,39],"neural":[7],"networks,":[8],"the":[9,26,56,62,75,80,82,116,133,150,162,186,189],"performance":[10],"of":[11,29,66,139,166,188],"small-object":[12,157,170],"is":[14,22,58,119,130,154],"affected":[15],"by":[16,48,61,88,172],"multiple":[17,38],"factors.":[18],"One":[19],"key":[20],"factor":[21],"that,":[23],"due":[24],"to":[25,132],"low":[27],"resolution":[28],"small":[30],"objects,":[31],"their":[32],"features":[33,43,85],"are":[34,78,86,113],"gradually":[35],"diluted":[36,87],"after":[37],"operations.":[40],"Multi-scale":[41],"pyramid":[42],"can":[44],"alleviate":[45],"this":[46],"issue":[47],"performing":[49],"prediction":[50],"in":[51],"shallow":[52],"feature":[53,101,158],"layers,":[54],"but":[55],"improvement":[57],"still":[59],"limited":[60],"fixed":[63,72],"sampling":[64],"structure":[65],"convolution:":[67],"each":[68,122],"operation":[69],"involves":[70],"a":[71,94,126,143],"neighborhood,":[73],"and":[74,109,115,174,179],"more":[76,81],"convolutions":[77],"applied,":[79],"object\u2019s":[83],"own":[84],"background":[89],"pixels.":[90],"This":[91],"paper":[92],"proposes":[93],"directional":[95,107],"shape-adaptive":[96],"convolution":[97],"(DSAConv)":[98],"for":[99,156],"image":[100],"extraction.":[102,159],"Nine":[103],"3\u00d73":[104],"kernels":[105,141],"with":[106],"displacement":[108],"different":[110],"mask":[111],"shapes":[112],"designed,":[114],"maximum":[117],"response":[118],"selected":[120,151],"at":[121],"spatial":[123],"position,":[124],"providing":[125],"response-driven":[127],"selection":[128],"that":[129,147],"related":[131],"shape.":[135],"The":[136],"cascaded":[137],"use":[138],"these":[140],"yields":[142],"variable":[144],"receptive":[145],"field":[146],"depends":[148],"kernels,":[152],"which":[153],"beneficial":[155],"Integrated":[160],"into":[161],"C3K2":[163],"Bottleneck":[164],"blocks":[165],"YOLOv11s,":[167],"DSAConv":[168],"improves":[169],"APS":[171],"2.7":[173],"3.2":[175],"points":[176],"COCO":[178],"VisDrone,":[180],"respectively.":[181],"Extensive":[182],"experimental":[183],"results":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"effectiveness":[187],"proposed":[190],"method.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
