{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225823007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","title":"Menstrual Cycle Exacerbation of ADHD Symptoms in Adults: Common, Person-Specific, and Not Confined to the Luteal Phase","display_name":"Menstrual Cycle Exacerbation of ADHD Symptoms in Adults: Common, Person-Specific, and Not Confined to the Luteal Phase","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225823007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075631324","display_name":"Tory Anne Eisenlohr-Moul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9231-3105","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9231-3105"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40347166","display_name":"University of Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/024mw5h28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tory A. Eisenlohr-Moul","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chicago;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9231-3105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chicago;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006187244","display_name":"Ashley Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-0074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-0074"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashley Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6433-0074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054018346","display_name":"Jessica R. Peters","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-3973","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-3973"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica R. Peters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-3973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023132139","display_name":"Anisha Nagpal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-9322","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-9322"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anisha Nagpal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-9322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053540222","display_name":"Katja Maria Schmalenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-1933","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-1933"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katja Schmalenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulm University;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-1933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041467813","display_name":"Kelsey K. Wiggs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-7925","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-7925"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kelsey K. Wiggs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-7925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148147210","display_name":"Emily E. Knapp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3230-3539","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3230-3539"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Knapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kentucky"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3230-3539","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110060531","display_name":"Anna Patterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7845-182X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7845-182X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39422238","display_name":"University of Illinois Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/02mpq6x41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Patterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Chicago;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7845-182X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Chicago;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39422238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037917945","display_name":"Michelle M. Martel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-8115","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-8115"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Martel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kentucky"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-8115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kentucky","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12054","display_name":"Menstrual Health and Disorders","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10694","display_name":"Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779058012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83864","display_name":"Menstrual cycle","level":3,"score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5853999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777014857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383410","display_name":"Exacerbation","level":2,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143228043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2363481","display_name":"Luteal phase","level":3,"score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4916999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187785154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5464664","display_name":"Follicular phase","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777702977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187082","display_name":"Ovulation","level":3,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77061444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595994","display_name":"Urea cycle","level":4,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780853582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25556","display_name":"Anovulation","level":5,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71315377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11364","display_name":"Hormone","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776856834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413581","display_name":"Bromocriptine","level":4,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778015638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2728811","display_name":"Premenstrual dysphoric disorder","level":4,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.09.26367690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective.":[0],"Patients":[1],"often":[2,143,184],"describe":[3],"menstrual-cycle":[4],"worsening":[5],"of":[6,119,124,159,165,212],"attention-deficit/hyperactivity":[7],"disorder":[8,201],"(ADHD).":[9],"We":[10],"prospectively":[11],"evaluated":[12],"sample-":[13],"and":[14,21,28,51,60,65,70,75,85,157,167,187,230,242],"person-level":[15],"cycle":[16,77,87,112,153,194],"effects":[17,113],"on":[18,45],"ADHD":[19,43,55,133,146,216],"symptoms":[20,134],"their":[22],"independence":[23],"from":[24],"cyclical":[25,131,173,219,226,246],"negative":[26,58],"affect":[27,177,227],"pain.":[29],"Methods.":[30],"In":[31],"an":[32],"intensive":[33],"longitudinal":[34],"cohort":[35],"(2019-2024),":[36],"106":[37],"naturally":[38],"cycling":[39],"adults":[40,214],"meeting":[41],"DSM-5":[42,169,245],"criteria":[44,197],"integrated":[46],"assessment":[47],"rated":[48],"daily":[49,67,120],"inattention":[50,138],"hyperactivity-impulsivity":[52,140],"(Barkley":[53],"Adult":[54],"Rating":[56],"Scale-IV),":[57],"affect,":[59],"pain":[61,180,229],"(median,":[62],"41":[63],"days)":[64],"provided":[66,106],"salivary":[68],"estradiol":[69],"progesterone":[71],"for":[72,176,198],"ovulation":[73],"coding":[74],"phase-aligned":[76],"time":[78],"(PACTS).":[79],"Generalized":[80],"additive":[81],"models":[82],"estimated":[83],"sample-level":[84],"person-specific":[86],"curves;":[88],"robust":[89,218],"cyclicity":[90],"was":[91],"tested":[92,127],"against":[93],"each":[94],"participant's":[95],"own":[96],"time-shuffle":[97],"null.":[98],"Lab":[99],"cognitive":[100],"testing":[101],"at":[102,186],"four":[103],"counterbalanced":[104],"phases":[105],"post":[107],"hoc":[108],"validation.":[109],"Results.":[110],"Sample-average":[111],"were":[114,129],"significant":[115],"yet":[116],"small":[117],"(<1%":[118],"variance),":[121],"but":[122],"54%":[123],"87":[125],"participants":[126],"individually":[128],"robustly":[130],"in":[132],"(95%":[135],"CI,":[136],"44%-64%;":[137],"43%,":[139],"26%),":[141],"more":[142],"with":[144,215],"informant-confirmed":[145],"(69%":[147],"vs":[148],"36%).":[149],"Among":[150],"them,":[151],"the":[152,233],"explained":[154],"median":[155],"52%":[156],"51%":[158],"symptom":[160,220],"variance,":[161],"a":[162,244],"mean":[163],"swing":[164],"2.6":[166],"2.1":[168],"criteria.":[170],"Most":[171],"remained":[172],"after":[174,188],"adjustment":[175],"(68%)":[178],"or":[179,228],"(81%).":[181],"Worsening":[182],"most":[183],"peaked":[185],"menses":[189],"rather":[190],"than":[191],"premenstrually;":[192],"no":[193],"met":[195],"prospective":[196],"premenstrual":[199,234],"dysphoric":[200],"(PMDD).":[202],"Hormones":[203],"did":[204],"not":[205,223],"differ":[206],"by":[207],"cyclicity.":[208],"Conclusions.":[209],"About":[210],"half":[211],"these":[213],"showed":[217],"change,":[221],"mostly":[222],"reducible":[224],"to":[225],"usually":[231],"outside":[232],"window.":[235],"Future":[236],"work":[237],"should":[238],"test":[239],"its":[240],"stability":[241],"whether":[243],"specifier":[247],"is":[248],"warranted.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}