{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225822141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","title":"Determinants of early child development among children aged 24-59 months in Ethiopia: 2024-25 Demographic and Health Survey","display_name":"Determinants of early child development among children aged 24-59 months in Ethiopia: 2024-25 Demographic and Health Survey","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225822141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154376708","display_name":"Awoke M Sisaye","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Awoke Mihretu Sisaye","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161429401","display_name":"Mahder Dereb Hailemariam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahder Dereb Hailemariam","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9526000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.9526000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10209","display_name":"Global Maternal and Child Health","score":0.040300000458955765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.7161999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7014999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.652899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.6514000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5965999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777082460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3377398","display_name":"Early childhood","level":2,"score":0.5303999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109260823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407784","display_name":"Child development","level":2,"score":0.446399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992125907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1741837","display_name":"Child health","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780128664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6973004","display_name":"National Health Interview Survey","level":3,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C986699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939","display_name":"El Ni\u00f1o","level":2,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87227347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100713","display_name":"Ordered logit","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775951005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3473024","display_name":"Community health","level":3,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781081971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7883042","display_name":"Under-five","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24845683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178651","display_name":"Interview","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779209633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914808","display_name":"Birth order","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.26367725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"The":[1,270],"2024-25":[2],"Ethiopia":[3],"Demographic":[4],"and":[5,60,66,126,195,229,262,293,309,314,323],"Health":[6],"Survey":[7],"(EDHS)":[8],"is":[9],"Ethiopia's":[10],"first":[11],"national":[12,30],"survey":[13],"to":[14,152,232,307],"measure":[15],"early":[16],"childhood":[17,315],"development":[18],"using":[19],"UNICEF's":[20],"Early":[21],"Childhood":[22],"Development":[23,34],"Index":[24],"2030":[25],"(ECDI2030).":[26],"This":[27,72],"provides":[28],"a":[29,210,233,237],"estimate":[31],"for":[32,246,319],"Sustainable":[33],"Goal":[35],"(SDG)":[36],"indicator":[37],"4.2.1,":[38],"the":[39,53,98,103,158,163,173,176,275,320],"proportion":[40],"of":[41,55,85,102,137,162,178,274],"children":[42,77,138,284,294],"aged":[43,78,285],"24-59":[44,79,286],"months":[45,80,186,197,216,287],"who":[46],"are":[47,288],"developmentally":[48,57,140,290],"on":[49,58,93,141,180,291],"track.":[50,142],"We":[51],"estimated":[52,109],"prevalence":[54],"being":[56,179],"track":[59,94,181],"examined":[61],"its":[62],"child,":[63],"maternal,":[64],"household":[65],"community":[67],"determinants":[68],"in":[69,88,147,154,281],"Ethiopia.":[70],"Methods:":[71],"cross-sectional":[73],"study":[74],"analysed":[75],"3,731":[76],"(weighted":[81],"n":[82],"=":[83],"3,514)":[84],"3,232":[86],"mothers":[87,121],"771":[89],"clusters.":[90],"Children":[91],"were":[92,124,129,139,182,206,244],"if":[95],"they":[96,299],"achieved":[97],"age-specific":[99],"minimum":[100],"number":[101],"20":[104],"ECDI2030":[105],"milestones.":[106],"Prevalence":[107,143],"was":[108,236],"with":[110,251,263,317],"design-based":[111],"methods.":[112],"Four":[113],"three-level":[114],"mixed-effects":[115],"logistic":[116],"regression":[117],"models":[118],"(children":[119],"within":[120,122],"clusters)":[123],"fitted,":[125],"interviewer":[127],"effects":[128],"assessed.":[130],"Results:":[131],"Overall,":[132],"36.3%":[133],"(95%":[134],"CI":[135,193],"33.4-39.3)":[136],"ranged":[144],"from":[145],"23.3%":[146],"Southwest":[148],"Regional":[149],"State,":[150],"Ethiopia,":[151],"77.7%":[153],"Addis":[155],"Ababa.":[156],"In":[157,172],"null":[159],"model,":[160,175],"21.5%":[161],"variation":[164],"lay":[165],"between":[166],"clusters":[167],"(median":[168],"odds":[169,177,188],"ratio":[170,189],"3.24).":[171],"final":[174],"lower":[183,208],"at":[184,202],"36-47":[185],"(adjusted":[187],"[AOR]":[190],"0.57,":[191],"95%":[192],"0.44-0.74)":[194],"48-59":[196],"(AOR":[198,217,226,240,248,267],"0.39,":[199],"0.30-0.51)":[200],"than":[201,255],"24-35":[203],"months.":[204],"They":[205],"also":[207],"after":[209,220],"preceding":[211],"birth":[212,312],"interval":[213],"under":[214],"24":[215],"0.75,":[218],"0.57-0.99),":[219],"recent":[221],"diarrhoea,":[222],"fever":[223],"or":[224],"cough":[225],"0.59,":[227],"0.45-0.77),":[228],"where":[230],"distance":[231],"health":[234,310],"facility":[235],"big":[238],"problem":[239],"0.61,":[241],"0.48-0.79).":[242],"Odds":[243],"higher":[245],"girls":[247],"1.38,":[249],"1.12-1.70),":[250],"maternal":[252,304],"education":[253],"(more":[254],"secondary":[256],"vs":[257],"none:":[258],"AOR":[259],"2.08,":[260],"1.19-3.63)":[261],"weekly":[264],"media":[265],"exposure":[266],"2.15,":[268],"1.51-3.06).":[269],"covariates":[271],"explained":[272],"55.9%":[273],"between-cluster":[276],"variance.":[277],"Conclusions:":[278],"Nearly":[279],"two":[280],"three":[282],"Ethiopian":[283],"not":[289],"track,":[292],"fall":[295],"further":[296],"behind":[297],"as":[298],"age.":[300],"Interventions":[301],"should":[302],"target":[303],"education,":[305],"access":[306],"information":[308],"services,":[311],"spacing":[313],"illness,":[316],"priority":[318],"lowest-performing":[321],"regions":[322],"communities.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
