{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225820316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570","title":"Evidence for the Presence of a Viable Bovine Embryo During Days 18 to 28 After Insemination","display_name":"Evidence for the Presence of a Viable Bovine Embryo During Days 18 to 28 After Insemination","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225820316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16223570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067622190","display_name":"Yuqiu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0975-1658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0975-1658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21642278","display_name":"Ningxia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7b2v61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104344","display_name":"Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/019dkz313","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104344"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqiu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China","School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104344"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161477767","display_name":"Ju\u2019an Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21642278","display_name":"Ningxia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7b2v61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ju\u2019an Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043930192","display_name":"Yuxi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2080-3412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2080-3412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104344","display_name":"Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/019dkz313","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104344"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2080-3412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104344"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151364648","display_name":"Junfang Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21642278","display_name":"Ningxia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7b2v61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429780","display_name":"Pan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-3402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-3402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21642278","display_name":"Ningxia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04j7b2v61","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21642278"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127773078","display_name":"Jiandong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9207-5100","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9207-5100"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104344","display_name":"Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/019dkz313","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104344"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiandong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9207-5100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104344"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127773078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104344"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"22","first_page":"3570","last_page":"3570"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10584","display_name":"Reproductive Physiology in Livestock","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10584","display_name":"Reproductive Physiology in Livestock","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10364","display_name":"Reproductive Biology and Fertility","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2743","display_name":"Reproductive Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12929","display_name":"Animal Genetics and Reproduction","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196843134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33196","display_name":"Embryo","level":2,"score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777005246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379223","display_name":"Insemination","level":3,"score":0.6736000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143228043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2363481","display_name":"Luteal phase","level":3,"score":0.6686999797821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.5849000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749637","display_name":"Corpus luteum","level":3,"score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778610407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207122","display_name":"Artificial insemination","level":3,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16685009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335057","display_name":"Andrology","level":1,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29456083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899","display_name":"Gynecology","level":1,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529618451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234904","display_name":"Ultrasonography","level":2,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46973012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28627","display_name":"Gestation","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988731192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7410159","display_name":"Blood sampling","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160099875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237118","display_name":"Embryo transfer","level":3,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777542035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17001806","display_name":"Embryo quality","level":4,"score":0.3107999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776537878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239894","display_name":"Pregnancy rate","level":3,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.2921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778279030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543380","display_name":"Live birth","level":3,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32253518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158447","display_name":"Conceptus","level":4,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68557331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14865007","display_name":"Early pregnancy factor","level":4,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16223570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ani16223570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16223570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168508","display_name":"Animals","issn_l":"2076-2615","issn":["2076-2615"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Animals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4222760","https://openalex.org/W2006508910","https://openalex.org/W2009082869","https://openalex.org/W2010786459","https://openalex.org/W2012070864","https://openalex.org/W2027299347","https://openalex.org/W2087798813","https://openalex.org/W2090342213","https://openalex.org/W2105375849","https://openalex.org/W2109809969","https://openalex.org/W2112403065","https://openalex.org/W2117674318","https://openalex.org/W2167539771","https://openalex.org/W2291312906","https://openalex.org/W2337665072","https://openalex.org/W2554140915","https://openalex.org/W2768116853","https://openalex.org/W2912982012","https://openalex.org/W2914246881","https://openalex.org/W3020992444","https://openalex.org/W3026081165","https://openalex.org/W4205263802","https://openalex.org/W4304731427","https://openalex.org/W4309456834","https://openalex.org/W4385346992","https://openalex.org/W4396721191","https://openalex.org/W4400975317","https://openalex.org/W4401724960","https://openalex.org/W4401891330","https://openalex.org/W4403896687","https://openalex.org/W4408997590","https://openalex.org/W4409799377","https://openalex.org/W4410290649","https://openalex.org/W4410513309","https://openalex.org/W4411914859","https://openalex.org/W4416240807","https://openalex.org/W7165400047","https://openalex.org/W7214208983","https://openalex.org/W7214214711"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"narrative":[1],"review":[2],"asks":[3],"how":[4],"accurately":[5],"available":[6],"tests":[7],"identify":[8],"the":[9,78,216],"presence":[10],"of":[11,60,81,113,127,177],"a":[12,128,161,236],"viable":[13],"bovine":[14],"embryo":[15,130,183,222],"during":[16],"days":[17],"18\u201328":[18],"after":[19],"insemination":[20],"and":[21,42,46,56,86,99,107,144,185,221,230],"what":[22],"evidence":[23,76,126],"is":[24,134,152,180,210],"required":[25],"to":[26,181,214],"improve":[27],"their":[28],"interpretation.":[29],"We":[30],"compare":[31],"each":[32],"method\u2019s":[33],"biological":[34],"target,":[35],"sampling":[36,151],"window,":[37],"diagnostic":[38],"performance,":[39],"reference":[40,163],"examination,":[41],"validation.":[43],"Luteal":[44],"progesterone":[45],"color":[47],"Doppler":[48],"ultrasonography":[49,123],"provide":[50,74],"information":[51],"on":[52,141],"corpus":[53],"luteum":[54],"function":[55],"can":[57],"support":[58],"identification":[59],"probable":[61],"non-pregnancy,":[62],"but":[63],"persistent":[64],"luteal":[65],"activity":[66,133],"does":[67],"not":[68,153],"confirm":[69],"an":[70],"embryo.":[71],"Pregnancy-associated":[72],"glycoproteins":[73],"trophoblast-associated":[75],"near":[77],"later":[79,162,167],"part":[80],"this":[82],"interval.":[83],"Cervical":[84],"interferon-tau":[85],"maternal":[87],"interferon-stimulated":[88],"genes":[89],"offer":[90],"earlier":[91,178,198],"conceptus-associated":[92],"signals,":[93],"although":[94,137],"sampling,":[95],"specificity,":[96],"threshold":[97],"transfer,":[98],"independent":[100,228],"validation":[101],"remain":[102,110],"limitations.":[103],"Circulating":[104],"nucleic":[105],"acids":[106],"multi-omics":[108],"signatures":[109],"exploratory.":[111],"None":[112],"these":[114],"indirect":[115],"signals":[116,220],"independently":[117],"demonstrates":[118],"embryonic":[119],"cardiac":[120,132],"activity.":[121],"B-mode":[122],"provides":[124],"direct":[125],"living":[129],"when":[131,202],"reliably":[135],"visualized,":[136],"early":[138,219],"performance":[139],"depends":[140],"examination":[142,164],"timing":[143],"technical":[145],"conditions.":[146],"A":[147],"correct":[148],"diagnosis":[149],"at":[150],"invalidated":[154],"by":[155],"subsequent":[156],"pregnancy":[157,168],"loss;":[158],"studies":[159],"using":[160,187],"must":[165],"distinguish":[166],"classification":[169],"from":[170,197],"contemporaneous":[171],"diagnosis.":[172],"The":[173],"clearest":[174],"scientific":[175],"role":[176],"assessment":[179],"investigate":[182],"establishment":[184],"loss":[186],"appropriately":[188],"validated":[189],"endpoints.":[190],"Routine":[191],"commercial":[192],"benefit":[193],"cannot":[194],"be":[195],"inferred":[196],"detection":[199],"alone,":[200],"particularly":[201],"breeding":[203],"dates":[204],"are":[205,213],"uncertain":[206],"or":[207],"additional":[208],"handling":[209],"required.":[211],"Priorities":[212],"establish":[215],"relationship":[217],"between":[218],"viability,":[223],"validate":[224],"prespecified":[225],"thresholds":[226],"in":[227],"populations,":[229],"evaluate":[231],"decision":[232],"value":[233],"only":[234],"where":[235],"specific":[237],"unmet":[238],"need":[239],"has":[240],"been":[241],"demonstrated.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}