{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225818854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725","title":"A Source-Traced PET/CT Scanner Performance Database (2004\u20132024): The Sphere-Size Dependence of Time-of-Flight Contrast Recovery","display_name":"A Source-Traced PET/CT Scanner Performance Database (2004\u20132024): The Sphere-Size Dependence of Time-of-Flight Contrast Recovery","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225818854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics16223725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000547081","display_name":"Rajeh Assiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-3290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-3290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajeh Assiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-3290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061275941","display_name":"Ibrahim Hadadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-7465","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-7465"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Hadadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-7465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143485410","display_name":"Mohammed Asiri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Asiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161495095","display_name":"Abdulaziz Yahya M. Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-5266","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-5266"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Yahya M. Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6452-5266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072477744","display_name":"Hussein Al\u2010shaari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6486-6450","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6486-6450"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein Alshaari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","Health Research Center, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6486-6450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Research Center, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014443507","display_name":"Mohammad Sayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0446-6882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0446-6882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Sayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","Health Research Center, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6787-3669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Research Center, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082073645","display_name":"Mansour M. Alqahtani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-6251","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-6251"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47164929","display_name":"Najran University","ror":"https://ror.org/05edw4a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansour M. Alqahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","Health Research Center, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1549-6251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Research Center, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47164929"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061275941"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"22","first_page":"3725","last_page":"3725"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10372","display_name":"Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.880299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.7242000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6402999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.460099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60478076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036835","display_name":"Reference data","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105054674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707381","display_name":"Mean difference","level":3,"score":0.2612000107765198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics16223725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diagnostics16223725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16223725","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172076","display_name":"Diagnostics","issn_l":"2075-4418","issn":["2075-4418"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1866924806","https://openalex.org/W1970453159","https://openalex.org/W1971098086","https://openalex.org/W1971916086","https://openalex.org/W1973168452","https://openalex.org/W1976285425","https://openalex.org/W1982322322","https://openalex.org/W2035628151","https://openalex.org/W2036232598","https://openalex.org/W2047284752","https://openalex.org/W2059842805","https://openalex.org/W2088783247","https://openalex.org/W2092057561","https://openalex.org/W2095272243","https://openalex.org/W2110338249","https://openalex.org/W2148488773","https://openalex.org/W2155263737","https://openalex.org/W2160306960","https://openalex.org/W2181523240","https://openalex.org/W2207510477","https://openalex.org/W2267621316","https://openalex.org/W2289051662","https://openalex.org/W2337912037","https://openalex.org/W2595103465","https://openalex.org/W2609484922","https://openalex.org/W2611547077","https://openalex.org/W2758460516","https://openalex.org/W2773306697","https://openalex.org/W2792807704","https://openalex.org/W2891328416","https://openalex.org/W2898110025","https://openalex.org/W2899551446","https://openalex.org/W2902778569","https://openalex.org/W2909887812","https://openalex.org/W2941640148","https://openalex.org/W2947137705","https://openalex.org/W2953930601","https://openalex.org/W2965339044","https://openalex.org/W2989864510","https://openalex.org/W3005390062","https://openalex.org/W3011559202","https://openalex.org/W3030779614","https://openalex.org/W3090317854","https://openalex.org/W3147126934","https://openalex.org/W3155534621","https://openalex.org/W3161397778","https://openalex.org/W3185601680","https://openalex.org/W3199335100","https://openalex.org/W4220796611","https://openalex.org/W4224311558","https://openalex.org/W4287092137","https://openalex.org/W4307844772","https://openalex.org/W4311307329","https://openalex.org/W4378531096","https://openalex.org/W4387782588","https://openalex.org/W4387846909","https://openalex.org/W4389082590","https://openalex.org/W4391117007","https://openalex.org/W4391740713","https://openalex.org/W4391845214","https://openalex.org/W4392023406","https://openalex.org/W4399622519","https://openalex.org/W4403451025","https://openalex.org/W4407142721","https://openalex.org/W4408938943","https://openalex.org/W4415080274","https://openalex.org/W7127193832","https://openalex.org/W7130957668"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Small-lesion":[1],"quantification":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,27,72,87,130],"key":[5],"task":[6],"in":[7,35],"diagnostic":[8,224],"PET/CT.":[9],"However,":[10],"published":[11],"performance":[12],"data":[13,45,205],"span":[14],"two":[15],"decades":[16],"and":[17,53,62,66,101,118,149,158,164,173,187,214],"multiple":[18],"NEMA":[19,52],"NU":[20],"2":[21],"revisions,":[22],"complicating":[23],"comparisons.":[24],"We":[25],"developed":[26],"source-traced":[28],"database":[29,93],"to":[30,59,137,170],"examine":[31],"how":[32],"reconstruction-associated":[33],"improvements":[34],"hot-sphere":[36],"contrast":[37,132],"recovery":[38,70,133],"vary":[39],"with":[40,64,86,129,143],"sphere":[41,144],"diameter,":[42],"providing":[43],"reference":[44,207],"for":[46,109,114,120,209],"phantom-based":[47,210],"protocol":[48,211],"optimisation.":[49],"Methods:":[50],"Published":[51],"phantom":[54,195],"measurements":[55,100],"were":[56,174,190,199],"source-verified,":[57],"linked":[58],"scanner":[60,88,96],"geometry,":[61],"annotated":[63],"acquisition":[65],"reconstruction":[67],"conditions.":[68],"Contrast":[69],"at":[71,153,162,201],"4:1":[73],"sphere-to-background":[74],"activity":[75],"ratio":[76],"(151":[77],"measurements;":[78],"13":[79],"scanners)":[80],"was":[81,106,127,150,183],"analysed":[82],"using":[83],"mixed-effects":[84],"meta-regression":[85],"random":[89],"intercept.":[90],"Results:":[91],"The":[92,176],"included":[94],"28":[95,163],"models":[97],"(2004\u20132024),":[98],"610":[99],"43":[102],"publications.":[103],"Descriptively,":[104],"sensitivity":[105],"3.8\u201310.9":[107],"cps/kBq":[108],"lutetium-based":[110],"analogue":[111],"scanners,":[112],"12.1\u201347.6":[113],"conventional-geometry":[115],"digital":[116],"scanners":[117,172],"176\u2013192":[119],"total-body":[121],"scanners.":[122],"Time":[123],"of":[124],"flight":[125],"(TOF)":[126],"associated":[128],"7.9-percentage-point-higher":[131],"(95%":[134],"CI":[135],"4.8":[136],"11.1),":[138],"but":[139],"the":[140],"association":[141],"varied":[142],"diameter":[145],"(p":[146],"<":[147],"0.001)":[148],"significant":[151],"only":[152],"10\u201317":[154,202],"mm":[155,166],"(11.4,":[156],"9.9":[157],"7.0":[159],"points);":[160],"estimates":[161],"37":[165],"rested":[167],"on":[168],"four":[169],"five":[171],"imprecise.":[175],"median":[177],"between-laboratory":[178],"difference":[179],"under":[180],"matched":[181],"conditions":[182],"5.7":[184],"points.":[185],"Point-spread-function":[186],"regularised-reconstruction":[188],"effects":[189],"not":[191,219],"robust.":[192],"Conclusions:":[193],"In":[194],"measurements,":[196],"TOF-associated":[197],"gains":[198],"concentrated":[200],"mm.":[203],"These":[204],"provide":[206],"values":[208],"optimisation,":[212],"harmonisation":[213],"acceptance":[215],"testing;":[216],"they":[217],"do":[218],"measure":[220],"lesion":[221],"detectability":[222],"or":[223],"accuracy,":[225],"which":[226],"require":[227],"patient-based":[228],"validation.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}