{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225818398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837","title":"APRA: Adaptive Prompt Refinement with Early Stopping for Efficient Automatic Prompt Optimization in Generative AI","display_name":"APRA: Adaptive Prompt Refinement with Early Stopping for Efficient Automatic Prompt Optimization in Generative AI","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225818398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24127837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161475691","display_name":"Varshan Karthik R","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varshan Karthik R","raw_affiliation_strings":["PSG Polytechnic College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PSG Polytechnic College","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161430335","display_name":"Pranish M","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pranish M","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161436120","display_name":"Rohinth V","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohinth V","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161436464","display_name":"Mohamed Sharrjun M","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Sharrjun M","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161346594","display_name":"Mr.  N.  Ravi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mr.  N. Ravi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8598999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8598999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.06970000267028809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.028200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.7468000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6973999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5134999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80478641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q195771","display_name":"Sequential analysis","level":2,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55660270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207002847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912857","display_name":"Evolution strategy","level":3,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149672232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337048","display_name":"Adaptive optimization","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24127837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24127838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127838","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24127837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24127837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103,149],"automatic":[1],"prompt":[2,9,29,54,90],"optimization":[3,209],"(APO)":[4],"research":[5,13,104],"area":[6],"moved":[7],"beyond":[8],"editing":[10],"into":[11,98],"independent":[12],"direction":[14],"in":[15,66,180,190,206],"which":[16,84],"the":[17,21,28,32,59,99,108,121,126,129,146,156,183,193,197,200,207],"language":[18],"models":[19],"generate":[20],"criticism,":[22],"candidates,":[23],"or":[24],"reflections":[25],"to":[26,30,155,165,187],"optimize":[27,53],"maximize":[31],"task":[33],"performance.":[34],"Current":[35],"approaches":[36],"include":[37],"such":[38],"techniques":[39],"as":[40],"textual":[41],"gradients":[42],"and":[43,47,70,94,139],"beam":[44],"search,":[45],"evolutionary":[46],"reflective":[48],"optimizers.":[49],"Though":[50],"these":[51],"algorithms":[52],"without":[55],"changing":[56],"parameters":[57],"of":[58,68,112,168,196,202],"model,":[60],"their":[61],"search":[62],"strategy":[63],"is":[64,71,106,115,162],"expensive":[65],"terms":[67],"computation":[69],"not":[72,163],"task-dependent.":[73],"This":[74],"work":[75],"suggests":[76],"a":[77],"light-weight":[78],"Adaptive":[79],"Prompt":[80],"Refinement":[81],"Algorithm":[82],"(APRA),":[83],"implements":[85],"three":[86],"components":[87],"\u2013":[88],"best":[89],"tracking,":[91],"improvement":[92],"threshold,":[93],"patience-based":[95],"stopping":[96],"criteria":[97],"single-candidate":[100],"refinement":[101],"procedure.":[102],"question":[105],"whether":[107],"task-dependent":[109],"adaptive":[110],"allocation":[111],"inference":[113],"budget":[114],"possible":[116],"based":[117,144,191],"on":[118,145,192],"feedback":[119],"from":[120],"development":[122],"set.":[123],"We":[124],"state":[125],"problem,":[127],"provide":[128],"formal":[130],"cost":[131],"modeling,":[132],"compare":[133],"APRA":[134],"with":[135],"other":[136,172,215],"APO":[137,173,216],"methods":[138],"design":[140],"reproducible":[141],"small-scale":[142],"experiment":[143],"classification":[147],"task.":[148],"particular":[150],"attention":[151],"will":[152],"be":[153,188],"paid":[154],"validity":[157],"threats":[158],"since":[159],"one-hour":[160],"pilot":[161],"enough":[164],"confirm":[166],"superiority":[167,213],"our":[169],"approach":[170],"over":[171,214],"approaches.":[174],"No":[175],"experimental":[176],"results":[177],"were":[178],"fabricated":[179],"this":[181,203],"manuscript:":[182],"tables":[184],"are":[185],"designed":[186],"filled":[189],"actual":[194],"run":[195],"experiments.":[198],"Thus,":[199],"novelty":[201],"manuscript":[204],"lies":[205],"proposed":[208],"policy":[210],"rather":[211],"than":[212],"systems.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}