{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225817653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765","title":"Energy Lost by a 10^20 eV Proton Crossing 50 Megaparsecs of Microwave Background","display_name":"Energy Lost by a 10^20 eV Proton Crossing 50 Megaparsecs of Microwave Background","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225817653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24129765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161362375","display_name":"William Alexander Aldred","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aldred, William Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161362375"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11090","display_name":"Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7702999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.6894000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109663097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182453","display_name":"Adiabatic process","level":2,"score":0.6013000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.48730000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.47269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55047584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834115","display_name":"Intergalactic travel","level":4,"score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.44130000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.436599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207297109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605","display_name":"Cosmic microwave background","level":3,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159176650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43261","display_name":"Horizon","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777293921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316045","display_name":"Rest frame","level":4,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135889238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276","display_name":"Kinetic energy","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983502797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828402","display_name":"Energy density","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24129765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24129766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129766","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24129765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24129765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,97],"proton":[1,73],"launched":[2],"at":[3,15,39,69,100,109],"1e20":[4,16],"eV":[5,57,71],"toward":[6],"an":[7,32,43],"observer":[8],"50":[9],"megaparsecs":[10],"away":[11],"does":[12],"not":[13,147],"arrive":[14],"eV.":[17],"Combining":[18],"photopion":[19],"losses,":[20],"Bethe-Heitler":[21],"pair":[22],"production,":[23],"and":[24,42,68,128,140],"adiabatic":[25],"expansion":[26],"in":[27,119],"a":[28,49,148],"continuous-loss":[29],"approximation":[30],"gives":[31],"effective":[33],"loss":[34,107],"length":[35],"of":[36,46,52,76,87,105],"2.419e+01":[37],"Mpc":[38],"that":[40],"energy":[41,45],"arrival":[44],"1.265e+19":[47],"eV,":[48],"retained":[50,59],"fraction":[51,60],"only":[53],"1.265e-01.":[54],"At":[55],"6e19":[56],"the":[58,62,72,81,84,88,114,120,123,129],"over":[61],"same":[63,115],"distance":[64],"rises":[65],"to":[66],"4.086e-01,":[67],"4e19":[70],"keeps":[74],"most":[75],"its":[77],"energy,":[78],"which":[79],"is":[80,125,138,146],"arithmetic":[82],"behind":[83],"horizon:":[85],"sources":[86],"highest-energy":[89],"events":[90],"must":[91],"be":[92],"nearby":[93],"by":[94],"cosmological":[95],"standards.":[96],"density":[98],"bound":[99],"intergalactic":[101],"densities":[102],"changes":[103],"none":[104],"these":[106],"lengths":[108],"any":[110],"relevant":[111],"precision,":[112],"for":[113],"density-ratio":[116],"reason":[117],"established":[118],"threshold":[121],"calculation;":[122],"horizon":[124],"standard":[126],"physics":[127],"frame":[130],"neither":[131],"extends":[132],"nor":[133],"shortens":[134],"it.":[135],"This":[136],"study":[137],"simulated":[139],"computed":[141],"from":[142],"stated":[143],"assumptions;":[144],"it":[145],"measurement.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}