{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225817133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65715/thp.v10i3.57","title":"Investigation of a Cholera Outbreak in Monze District, Southern Province, Zambia, November 2025: A Case-Control Study","display_name":"Investigation of a Cholera Outbreak in Monze District, Southern Province, Zambia, November 2025: A Case-Control Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225817133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65715/thp.v10i3.57"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.65715/thp.v10i3.57","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65715/thp.v10i3.57","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65715/thp.v10i3.57","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918756","display_name":"The health press","issn_l":"2520-4378","issn":["2520-4378"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","host_organization_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Health Press Zambia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159991248","display_name":"Hope Chisanga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5166-5350","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5166-5350"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33278361","display_name":"University of Zambia","ror":"https://ror.org/03gh19d69","country_code":"ZM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","display_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04je4qa93","country_code":"ZM","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hope Chisanga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zambia National Public Health Institute, Zambia Field Epidemiology and Training Program, University of Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Zambia Field Epidemiology and Training Program, University of Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361","https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029578794","display_name":"Graham Chitempa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","display_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04je4qa93","country_code":"ZM","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graham Chitempa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zambia National Public Health Institute, Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072829682","display_name":"William Nsemani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","display_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04je4qa93","country_code":"ZM","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Nsemani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zambia National Public Health institute, Provincial Health Office, Southern Province"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zambia National Public Health institute, Provincial Health Office, Southern Province","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160006401","display_name":"Cheepa Haabeenzu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","display_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04je4qa93","country_code":"ZM","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheepa Haabeenzu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zambia National Public Health Institute,Provincial Health Office, Southern Province, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zambia National Public Health Institute,Provincial Health Office, Southern Province, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160001732","display_name":"Mwatisausa Zulu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","display_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04je4qa93","country_code":"ZM","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mwatisausa Zulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zambia National Public Health institute, District Health Office, Southern Province,Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zambia National Public Health institute, District Health Office, Southern Province,Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161488113","display_name":"Gocho.M. Kapoba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336862989","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpqmv06","country_code":"ZM","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336862989"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gocho.M. Kapoba","raw_affiliation_strings":["District Health Office, Monze, Southern Province, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"District Health Office, Monze, Southern Province, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336862989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066535008","display_name":"Dabwitso Banda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","display_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04je4qa93","country_code":"ZM","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dabwitso Banda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zambia National Public Health Institute, Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027872319","display_name":"Nyambe Sinyange","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3706-4765","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3706-4765"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","display_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04je4qa93","country_code":"ZM","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nyambe Sinyange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zambia National Public Health Institite, Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zambia National Public Health Institite, Zambia Field Epidemiology Training Program","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"10","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11684","display_name":"Vibrio bacteria research studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11684","display_name":"Vibrio bacteria research studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10486","display_name":"Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10976","display_name":"Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7294999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.7034000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780722889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12090","display_name":"Cholera","level":2,"score":0.5825999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5271000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.44839999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187316915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92307203","display_name":"Case fatality rate","level":3,"score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.41749998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779802037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40878","display_name":"Diarrhea","level":2,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776688068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940223","display_name":"Catchment area","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776361769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Public health surveillance","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.65715/thp.v10i3.57","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65715/thp.v10i3.57","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65715/thp.v10i3.57","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918756","display_name":"The health press","issn_l":"2520-4378","issn":["2520-4378"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210133608","host_organization_name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133608"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Health Press Zambia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BackgroundCholera":[0],"remains":[1],"a":[2,27,44,94,121,258,298,399],"recurrent":[3],"public":[4],"health":[5],"problem":[6],"in":[7,23,102,187,284,320,363,397,421],"Zambia,":[8],"which":[9,398],"recorded":[10],"29":[11],"outbreaks":[12],"between":[13,105],"1977":[14],"and":[15,35,74,81,107,116,145,190,197,212,239,256,317,335,346,360,368,377,402,438],"2018.":[16],"On":[17],"4":[18],"November":[19,109],"2025,":[20],"Monze":[21,103],"District":[22,104],"Southern":[24],"Province":[25],"reported":[26],"cluster":[28,260],"of":[29,59,96,131,148,229,261,343,395],"acute":[30,138,236],"watery":[31,139,237],"diarrhoea":[32,238,302],"among":[33,36,210,218],"residents":[34,130],"travellers":[37],"who":[38],"had":[39,235,242],"arrived":[40],"by":[41,274,358],"train":[42],"for":[43,68,72,77,154],"funeral.":[45],"We":[46,111,124,150],"investigated":[47],"to":[48,99,172,184,371,391,413,432,435,440],"confirm":[49],"the":[50,54,57,60,63,132,250,285,321,341,374,409,422,425,430],"causative":[51],"organism,":[52],"describe":[53],"outbreak,":[55],"measure":[56],"timeliness":[58,186],"response":[61,79,337],"against":[62],"7-1-7":[64,180],"framework":[65,181],"(7":[66],"days":[67,76,287,334],"detection,":[69,188],"one":[70],"day":[71,252],"notification":[73,189,332],"7":[75,286,347],"early":[78,336],"actions)":[80],"identify":[82,173],"factors":[83,174],"associated":[84,175,280],"with":[85,93,176,253,281,301,354,365],"infection.":[86,178],"MethodsWe":[87],"conducted":[88],"an":[89],"unmatched":[90],"case-control":[91],"study":[92],"ratio":[95,292],"four":[97,262],"controls":[98,128],"each":[100],"case":[101,225,400],"6":[106],"17":[108],"2025.":[110],"collected":[112,151],"participant":[113],"demographic,":[114],"clinical":[115],"environmental":[117],"exposure":[118],"data":[119],"using":[120,164],"structured":[122],"questionnaire.":[123],"enrolled":[125,192],"all":[126],"cases;":[127],"were":[129,162,278],"same":[133,251],"facility":[134],"catchment":[135],"areas":[136,364],"without":[137,424],"diarrhoea,":[140],"drawn":[141],"from":[142],"neighbouring":[143],"households":[144,396],"close":[146],"contacts":[147],"cases.":[149,231],"stool":[152],"samples":[153],"laboratory":[155],"confirmation":[156],"on":[157,246,264],"33":[158,230,233],"patients.":[159],"Statistical":[160],"analyses":[161],"performed":[163],"R":[165],"version":[166],"4.3.3.":[167],"Logistic":[168],"regression":[169],"was":[170,182,204,272],"used":[171,183],"cholera":[177],"The":[179],"assess":[185],"response.ResultsWe":[191],"166":[193],"participants":[194],"(33":[195],"cases":[196,211,222,234,263],"133":[198],"controls).":[199],"Median":[200],"age":[201],"(Interquartile":[202],"range)":[203],"26":[205],"years":[206,214],"(15,":[207],"47":[208],"years)":[209,217],"31":[213],"(22,":[215],"42":[216],"controls.":[219],"Three":[220],"community":[221,361,423],"died":[223],"(9.1%":[224],"fatality":[226],"rate)":[227],"out":[228],"All":[232,417],"32":[240],"(97.0%)":[241],"dehydration.":[243],"Onsets":[244],"began":[245],"2":[247,330],"November,":[248],"peaked":[249],"six":[254],"cases,":[255],"formed":[257],"second":[259],"11":[265],"November.":[266],"Vibrio":[267],"cholerae":[268],"O1":[269],"serotype":[270],"Ogawa":[271],"confirmed":[273],"culture.":[275],"Four":[276],"exposures":[277],"independently":[279],"infection:":[282],"travel":[283,403],"before":[288],"onset":[289],"(adjusted":[290],"odds":[291],"(aOR)":[293],"6.28,":[294],"95%":[295,305,314,325],"CI":[296,306,315,326],"2.43\u201316.91),":[297],"household":[299,309,322,359,386],"member":[300],"(aOR":[303,312,323],"5.54,":[304],"1.65\u201320.18),":[307],"untreated":[308],"drinking":[310],"water":[311,367,387],"6.50,":[313],"1.82\u201335.50)":[316],"no":[318],"soap":[319],"2.72,":[324],"1.11\u20136.83).":[327],"Detection":[328],"took":[329],"days,":[331,339,348],"0":[333,338],"within":[340],"targets":[342],"7,":[344],"1":[345],"respectively.":[349],"ConclusionThe":[350],"findings":[351],"are":[352,408],"consistent":[353],"travel-associated":[355],"introduction":[356],"followed":[357],"transmission":[362,378],"unsafe":[366],"limited":[369],"access":[370,390,439],"sanitation,":[372],"although":[373],"precise":[375],"source":[376],"pathways":[379],"could":[380],"not":[381],"be":[382],"conclusively":[383],"established.":[384],"Strengthening":[385],"treatment,":[388],"reliable":[389],"soap,":[392],"prompt":[393],"protection":[394],"occurs,":[401],"advice":[404],"at":[405],"transport":[406],"hubs":[407],"measures":[410],"most":[411],"likely":[412],"prevent":[414],"similar":[415],"events.":[416],"three":[418],"deaths":[419],"occurred":[420],"patient":[426],"reaching":[427],"care,":[428],"highlighting":[429],"need":[431],"investigate":[433],"barriers":[434],"timely":[436],"care-seeking":[437],"emergency":[441],"treatment.":[442]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}