{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225816292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","title":"Explainable boosting machine classification of HIV serostatus among young adults in Tanzania: analysis of the 2022-2023 Tanzania HIV impact survey","display_name":"Explainable boosting machine classification of HIV serostatus among young adults in Tanzania: analysis of the 2022-2023 Tanzania HIV impact survey","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225816292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045109397","display_name":"Finian Mwalongo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-5719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-5719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195608997","display_name":"Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038c55s31","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195608997"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Finian Mwalongo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Studies, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Studies, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195608997"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027859238","display_name":"Angelina Mageni Lutambi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9755-6280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9755-6280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164902","display_name":"National Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05fjs7w98","country_code":"TZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801810276","https://openalex.org/I4210164902"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelina Mageni Lutambi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dodoma Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dodoma Research Center, National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164902"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045109397"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195608997"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.611299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.611299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.07750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.07280000299215317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776535787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084257","display_name":"Serostatus","level":4,"score":0.9017999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6484000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5408999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35405484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967066","display_name":"Brier score","level":2,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.45809999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.45249998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781162219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26250693","display_name":"Replicate","level":2,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81790035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847158","display_name":"Jackknife resampling","level":3,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160798450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870","display_name":"Concordance","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167187","display_name":"Perspectivism","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137345334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303350","display_name":"Recursive partitioning","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1983266/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225816292.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225816292.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560997796","https://openalex.org/W2025201816","https://openalex.org/W2090689493","https://openalex.org/W2107334477","https://openalex.org/W2128984831","https://openalex.org/W2525984666","https://openalex.org/W2786388328","https://openalex.org/W2789894922","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2991138092","https://openalex.org/W3187870935","https://openalex.org/W4214910488","https://openalex.org/W4220672087","https://openalex.org/W4293089672","https://openalex.org/W4312187620","https://openalex.org/W4384819219","https://openalex.org/W4404079641","https://openalex.org/W4407545261","https://openalex.org/W4410815406","https://openalex.org/W4413765236","https://openalex.org/W7117561296"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Young":[1],"adults":[2,25],"remain":[3],"disproportionately":[4],"affected":[5],"by":[6],"HIV":[7,21,55,133,181,246,256,283,298,324],"in":[8,26,49,313,338],"sub-Saharan":[9],"Africa.":[10],"We":[11,40],"evaluated":[12,86],"Explainable":[13],"Boosting":[14],"Machine":[15],"(EBM)":[16],"models":[17],"for":[18,78,110,262],"classifying":[19,223],"prevalent":[20,297],"serostatus":[22,299],"among":[23],"young":[24],"Tanzania,":[27],"compared":[28],"their":[29],"performance":[30],"with":[31,74,99,300],"penalized":[32,310],"logistic":[33,311],"regression,":[34],"and":[35,62,81,96,156,219,258,270,287,303,306],"examined":[36],"predictor":[37,196],"contributions.":[38],"Methods":[39],"analyzed":[41],"data":[42],"from":[43,104,251],"9,904":[44],"participants":[45,130,226],"aged":[46],"15\u201324":[47],"years":[48],"the":[50,115,136,145,202,205,241,279,290,347],"nationally":[51],"representative":[52],"2022-2023":[53],"Tanzania":[54],"Impact":[56],"Survey.":[57],"Seven":[58],"survey-weighted":[59],"EBM":[60,147,207,295,336],"specifications":[61],"an":[63],"elastic-net":[64,164],"benchmark":[65,165],"were":[66,132,289],"developed":[67],"using":[68,93,122],"a":[69,88,149,167,209,235],"cluster-partitioned":[70],"80%":[71],"training":[72],"set,":[73,139],"repeated":[75],"cluster-level":[76],"cross-validation":[77],"probability":[79],"recalibration":[80],"threshold":[82],"selection.":[83],"Performance":[84],"was":[85,120,238,337],"on":[87,114,322],"20%":[89],"held-out":[90,137],"test":[91,138],"set":[92],"discrimination,":[94],"calibration,":[95],"classification":[97,111],"metrics,":[98],"95%":[100,175,188],"confidence":[101],"intervals":[102,109],"estimated":[103],"jackknife":[105],"replicate":[106],"weights":[107],"(Korn\u2013Graubard":[108],"proportions),":[112],"conditional":[113],"fitted":[116],"models.":[117],"Feature":[118],"stability":[119,348],"assessed":[121],"100":[123],"cluster":[124],"bootstrap":[125,265],"refits.":[126],"Results":[127],"Overall,":[128],"115":[129],"(1.16%)":[131],"positive.":[134],"In":[135,240,278],"which":[140,326],"included":[141],"22":[142],"HIV-positive":[143,344],"participants,":[144],"full":[146,206,280],"achieved":[148,166],"ROC-AUC":[150,169,185,250],"of":[151,158,170,211,217,221,225,273,318,335,349],"0.730":[152,252],"(95%":[153,160,213,264],"CI:":[154,161,176,189,214],"0.625\u20130.834)":[155],"PR-AUC":[157],"0.067":[159],"0.000\u20130.147).":[162],"The":[163,332],"higher":[168],"0.769":[171],"(paired":[172],"difference:":[173],"\u22120.040,":[174],"\u22120.063":[177],"to":[178,191,234,253],"\u22120.017).":[179],"Excluding":[180],"prevention":[182],"predictors":[183,260],"reduced":[184,249],"(difference:":[186],"\u22120.179,":[187],"\u22120.252":[190],"\u22120.106),":[192],"while":[193],"excluding":[194],"other":[195],"domains":[197],"had":[198,208],"minimal":[199],"impact.":[200],"At":[201],"training-selected":[203],"threshold,":[204],"sensitivity":[210,242],"0.932":[212],"0.715\u20130.997),":[215],"specificity":[216],"0.359,":[218],"PPV":[220],"0.011,":[222],"64.3%":[224],"as":[227],"positive;":[228],"its":[229,319],"Brier":[230],"skill":[231],"score":[232],"relative":[233],"prevalence-only":[236],"model":[237,340],"0.007.":[239],"analysis,":[243],"removing":[244],"previous":[245,282,323],"testing":[247],"alone":[248],"0.588.":[254],"Socio-demographic,":[255],"prevention-related,":[257],"behavioral":[259],"accounted":[261],"53.0%":[263],"interval":[266],"43.5\u201365.5%),":[267],"38.1%":[268],"(25.0\u201348.9%),":[269],"8.8%":[271],"(4.5\u201318.7%)":[272],"total":[274],"feature":[275],"importance,":[276],"respectively.":[277],"EBM,":[281],"testing,":[284,325],"sex,":[285],"residence,":[286],"age":[288],"most":[291],"important":[292],"predictors.":[293],"Conclusion":[294],"classified":[296],"moderate":[301],"discrimination":[302,320],"low":[304],"precision":[305],"did":[307],"not":[308],"outperform":[309],"regression":[312],"this":[314],"low-prevalence":[315],"setting.":[316],"Much":[317],"depended":[321],"may":[327],"partly":[328],"reflect":[329],"post-diagnosis":[330],"information.":[331],"main":[333],"value":[334],"interpreting":[339],"predictions,":[341],"but":[342],"limited":[343],"observations":[345],"constrained":[346],"feature-specific":[350],"estimates.":[351]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
