{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225815714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","title":"Oncolytic viruses in combination cancer therapy: clinical lessons, biomarker-guided strategies, and future treatment directions","display_name":"Oncolytic viruses in combination cancer therapy: clinical lessons, biomarker-guided strategies, and future treatment directions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225815714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161474670","display_name":"Qingqing Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingqing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161475702","display_name":"Jing Su","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161468958","display_name":"Yu Gao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161420241","display_name":"Yongge Luo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongge Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161470023","display_name":"Kejie Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kejie Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146650805","display_name":"Xinyu Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161493675","display_name":"Zongchang Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongchang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161450621","display_name":"Hanming Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161428057","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101478360","display_name":"Han Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-4130","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0129-4130","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2954-6320"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Han Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000444974","display_name":"\u5218\u6ee8\u78ca","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Binlei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology","National \u201c111\u201d Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology","Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National \u201c111\u201d Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, College of Bioengineering, Hubei University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161432290","display_name":"Fuxiang Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120234","display_name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v5mqw79","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fuxiang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000444974","https://openalex.org/A5101478360","https://openalex.org/A5161428057","https://openalex.org/A5161432290"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747","https://openalex.org/I4210120234","https://openalex.org/I74525822"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10613","display_name":"Virus-based gene therapy research","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10613","display_name":"Virus-based gene therapy research","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.09189999848604202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.005900000222027302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82210918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1560099","display_name":"Oncolytic virus","level":3,"score":0.9344000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780057760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13896859","display_name":"Pembrolizumab","level":4,"score":0.7145000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6751999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5738999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7041828","display_name":"Nivolumab","level":4,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21686041","display_name":"Immune checkpoint","level":4,"score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780674031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2012719","display_name":"Cancer immunotherapy","level":4,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777658100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180614","display_name":"Melanoma","level":2,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49744831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600121","display_name":"Virotherapy","level":4,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018890749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204711","display_name":"Food and drug administration","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193419808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645075","display_name":"Acquired immune system","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96232424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118072","display_name":"Cancer cell","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777306565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15917291","display_name":"Tumour heterogeneity","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114851261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147416","display_name":"Drug resistance","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1986810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595292759","display_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","issn_l":"1664-3224","issn":["1664-3224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Immunology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":170,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498931318","https://openalex.org/W1542691850","https://openalex.org/W1559117436","https://openalex.org/W1583371546","https://openalex.org/W1776390480","https://openalex.org/W1827720726","https://openalex.org/W1913328895","https://openalex.org/W1975670104","https://openalex.org/W1975929837","https://openalex.org/W1982906652","https://openalex.org/W1994993231","https://openalex.org/W2000736191","https://openalex.org/W2011513757","https://openalex.org/W2039123767","https://openalex.org/W2049553585","https://openalex.org/W2071260213","https://openalex.org/W2082150850","https://openalex.org/W2089570814","https://openalex.org/W2090599158","https://openalex.org/W2093059993","https://openalex.org/W2096322385","https://openalex.org/W2097995306","https://openalex.org/W2099648846","https://openalex.org/W2100158834","https://openalex.org/W2103437371","https://openalex.org/W2108216382","https://openalex.org/W2109274792","https://openalex.org/W2120426523","https://openalex.org/W2121080857","https://openalex.org/W2125071097","https://openalex.org/W2143772132","https://openalex.org/W2152897456","https://openalex.org/W2156353875","https://openalex.org/W2160834915","https://openalex.org/W2166662937","https://openalex.org/W2170739773","https://openalex.org/W2345878988","https://openalex.org/W2465860350","https://openalex.org/W2473956396","https://openalex.org/W2494461917","https://openalex.org/W2557336488","https://openalex.org/W2561998039","https://openalex.org/W2578528809","https://openalex.org/W2585478002","https://openalex.org/W2586629973","https://openalex.org/W2592144107","https://openalex.org/W2607268706","https://openalex.org/W2611187032","https://openalex.org/W2655262992","https://openalex.org/W2703547552","https://openalex.org/W2726405642","https://openalex.org/W2732104535","https://openalex.org/W2734574921","https://openalex.org/W2738136165","https://openalex.org/W2750781282","https://openalex.org/W2756376311","https://openalex.org/W2763265527","https://openalex.org/W2770893462","https://openalex.org/W2781931068","https://openalex.org/W2787278337","https://openalex.org/W2793448070","https://openalex.org/W2801309958","https://openalex.org/W2803978276","https://openalex.org/W2805015236","https://openalex.org/W2807544832","https://openalex.org/W2883427557","https://openalex.org/W2886963239","https://openalex.org/W2897815318","https://openalex.org/W2898415660","https://openalex.org/W2904444972","https://openalex.org/W2907564726","https://openalex.org/W2909679049","https://openalex.org/W2914051310","https://openalex.org/W2949375297","https://openalex.org/W2954038428","https://openalex.org/W2970548174","https://openalex.org/W2971041153","https://openalex.org/W2981751257","https://openalex.org/W2982068004","https://openalex.org/W2995626135","https://openalex.org/W3008374051","https://openalex.org/W3081669695","https://openalex.org/W3085011113","https://openalex.org/W3087526274","https://openalex.org/W3099726794","https://openalex.org/W3114842160","https://openalex.org/W3127371144","https://openalex.org/W3127426316","https://openalex.org/W3144862643","https://openalex.org/W3154645306","https://openalex.org/W3160126603","https://openalex.org/W3160434920","https://openalex.org/W3162562489","https://openalex.org/W3165317067","https://openalex.org/W3171006409","https://openalex.org/W3185017026","https://openalex.org/W3206130473","https://openalex.org/W3206651739","https://openalex.org/W4210435389","https://openalex.org/W4211238487","https://openalex.org/W4213324290","https://openalex.org/W4223461106","https://openalex.org/W4224050212","https://openalex.org/W4283778795","https://openalex.org/W4292851027","https://openalex.org/W4294401429","https://openalex.org/W4307171521","https://openalex.org/W4307670022","https://openalex.org/W4307925814","https://openalex.org/W4309837253","https://openalex.org/W4309947349","https://openalex.org/W4310206587","https://openalex.org/W4372331756","https://openalex.org/W4376609298","https://openalex.org/W4380885942","https://openalex.org/W4385442670","https://openalex.org/W4387116257","https://openalex.org/W4387744072","https://openalex.org/W4389109523","https://openalex.org/W4390015099","https://openalex.org/W4390192002","https://openalex.org/W4390796571","https://openalex.org/W4392138489","https://openalex.org/W4394952703","https://openalex.org/W4396674980","https://openalex.org/W4396936319","https://openalex.org/W4398143165","https://openalex.org/W4399282535","https://openalex.org/W4399367366","https://openalex.org/W4400939866","https://openalex.org/W4401118445","https://openalex.org/W4401317992","https://openalex.org/W4401954823","https://openalex.org/W4404119989","https://openalex.org/W4404464997","https://openalex.org/W4404580155","https://openalex.org/W4404885850","https://openalex.org/W4405670891","https://openalex.org/W4405726536","https://openalex.org/W4406127541","https://openalex.org/W4406487182","https://openalex.org/W4407189911","https://openalex.org/W4408573922","https://openalex.org/W4408614030","https://openalex.org/W4408725475","https://openalex.org/W4408997497","https://openalex.org/W4409058074","https://openalex.org/W4409916105","https://openalex.org/W4412156955","https://openalex.org/W4412701008","https://openalex.org/W4412725205","https://openalex.org/W4413100038","https://openalex.org/W4414475289","https://openalex.org/W4415984877","https://openalex.org/W7110795754","https://openalex.org/W7124445651","https://openalex.org/W7127097849","https://openalex.org/W7128467918","https://openalex.org/W7128506375","https://openalex.org/W7132857811","https://openalex.org/W7143370530","https://openalex.org/W7160041445","https://openalex.org/W7162848973","https://openalex.org/W7163023469","https://openalex.org/W7163898817","https://openalex.org/W7165533040","https://openalex.org/W7165535382","https://openalex.org/W7171542049","https://openalex.org/W7203835151","https://openalex.org/W7203923841"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Oncolytic":[0],"viruses":[1,48],"(OVs)":[2],"preferentially":[3],"infect":[4],"and":[5,13,41,45,91,99,126,160,165,177,182,185,200,215,236,241,267],"replicate":[6],"within":[7],"tumors,":[8],"induce":[9],"immunogenic":[10],"cell":[11],"death,":[12],"remodel":[14],"immune-poor":[15],"microenvironments":[16],"to":[17,49,65,244,257],"support":[18],"T-cell":[19,37],"infiltration.":[20],"These":[21],"features":[22],"provide":[23],"a":[24,79,121,206],"rationale":[25],"for":[26,46,107,132,220],"combining":[27],"OVs":[28],"with":[29,141,264],"immune":[30,43,157,170],"checkpoint":[31,181],"blockade,":[32],"adoptive":[33],"cellular":[34],"therapies,":[35],"bispecific":[36],"engagers,":[38],"cancer":[39],"vaccines,":[40],"innate":[42],"agonists,":[44],"engineering":[47],"express":[50],"immunostimulatory":[51],"cytokines.":[52],"Clinical":[53],"outcomes,":[54],"however,":[55],"have":[56],"been":[57],"inconsistent.":[58],"In":[59,102],"MASTERKEY-265,":[60],"adding":[61],"intratumoral":[62,95],"talimogene":[63],"laherparepvec":[64],"pembrolizumab":[66],"did":[67],"not":[68],"significantly":[69],"improve":[70,258],"progression-free":[71],"or":[72],"overall":[73],"survival":[74],"in":[75,84,111,120,251],"advanced":[76],"melanoma,":[77],"despite":[78],"62%":[80],"objective":[81,115],"response":[82],"rate":[83],"the":[85,123,133,142],"preceding":[86],"21-patient":[87],"phase":[88],"Ib":[89],"cohort":[90],"evidence":[92,179],"of":[93,144],"increased":[94],"CD8+":[96],"T":[97],"cells":[98],"PD-L1":[100],"expression.":[101],"contrast,":[103],"single-arm":[104],"clinical":[105,273],"data":[106],"RP1":[108],"plus":[109],"nivolumab":[110],"anti-PD-1-refractory":[112],"melanoma":[113],"showed":[114],"responses,":[116],"including":[117],"durable":[118,272],"responses":[119],"subset;":[122],"U.S.":[124],"Food":[125],"Drug":[127],"Administration":[128],"granted":[129],"accelerated":[130],"approval":[131],"regimen,":[134],"but":[135],"randomized":[136],"confirmation":[137],"remains":[138],"required.":[139],"Together":[140],"failure":[143],"PHOCUS,":[145],"these":[146],"findings":[147],"indicate":[148],"that":[149],"benefit":[150],"is":[151,255],"determined":[152],"by":[153],"viral":[154,262],"platform,":[155],"tumor":[156,234],"state,":[158],"disease":[159],"prior-treatment":[161],"setting,":[162],"delivery":[163,230],"feasibility,":[164],"resistance":[166],"biology":[167],"rather":[168],"than":[169],"activation":[171],"alone.":[172],"We":[173,227],"critically":[174],"synthesize":[175],"positive":[176],"negative":[178],"across":[180],"non-checkpoint":[183],"strategies":[184],"distinguish":[186],"biomarkers":[187,199],"derived":[188],"from":[189,192,195],"OV":[190],"studies":[191],"those":[193],"extrapolated":[194],"checkpoint-inhibitor":[196],"trials.":[197],"Candidate":[198],"pharmacodynamic":[201],"readouts":[202],"are":[203],"organized":[204],"into":[205,271],"three-tier":[207],"research":[208],"framework":[209],"covering":[210],"pretreatment":[211],"characterization,":[212],"platform\u2013partner":[213],"hypotheses,":[214],"on-treatment":[216],"monitoring;":[217],"their":[218],"utility":[219],"selecting":[221],"OV-based":[222],"combinations":[223],"still":[224],"requires":[225],"validation.":[226],"further":[228],"examine":[229],"barriers,":[231],"antiviral":[232],"immunity,":[233],"heterogeneity":[235],"resistance,":[237],"next-generation":[238],"vector":[239],"engineering,":[240],"computational":[242],"approaches":[243],"molecularly":[245],"guided":[246],"patient":[247,259],"selection.":[248],"Prospective":[249],"validation":[250],"biomarker-stratified,":[252],"adaptive":[253],"trials":[254],"needed":[256],"selection,":[260],"match":[261],"platforms":[263],"rational":[265],"partners,":[266],"translate":[268],"biological":[269],"activity":[270],"benefit.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}