{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225815400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127","title":"Spectral Differentiation of Vehicle Vibration States Using FFT, ANOVA and Effect Size Analysis","display_name":"Spectral Differentiation of Vehicle Vibration States Using FFT, ANOVA and Effect Size Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225815400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26227127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016486701","display_name":"Marta Dziuba-Kozie\u0142","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8281-6072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8281-6072"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8264552","display_name":"Lublin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024zjzd49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marta Dziuba-Kozie\u0142","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8281-6072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103098633","display_name":"Grzegorz Kozie\u0142","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9948-7087","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9948-7087"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8264552","display_name":"Lublin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024zjzd49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grzegorz Kozie\u0142","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9948-7087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118757328","display_name":"Marcin Matczuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2376-1842","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2376-1842"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8264552","display_name":"Lublin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024zjzd49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Matczuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2376-1842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041467501","display_name":"\u0141ukasz Grabowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-8860","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-8860"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8264552","display_name":"Lublin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024zjzd49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0141ukasz Grabowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-8860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070599241","display_name":"Konrad Gromaszek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-3714","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-3714"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8264552","display_name":"Lublin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024zjzd49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konrad Gromaszek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-3714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013935372","display_name":"Piotr Andrzej Jakli\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5575-7014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5575-7014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8264552","display_name":"Lublin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024zjzd49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Jakli\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5575-7014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055918461","display_name":"\u0141ukasz Ga\u0142ka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-5205","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-5205"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8264552","display_name":"Lublin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024zjzd49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0141ukasz Ga\u0142ka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7632-5205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016486701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8264552"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"22","first_page":"7127","last_page":"7127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.6571999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.6571999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12759","display_name":"Vehicle Noise and Vibration Control","score":0.33079999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13858","display_name":"Technical Engine Diagnostics and Monitoring","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.7709000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97118885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q565636","display_name":"Frequency analysis","level":2,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983668108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280453","display_name":"Spectral analysis","level":3,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152822103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7575207","display_name":"Spectral shape analysis","level":3,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130076159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291997","display_name":"Random vibration","level":3,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166386157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477735","display_name":"Short-time Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985578863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280453","display_name":"Spectrum analysis","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26227127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26227127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26227127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137070227","https://openalex.org/W2216946510","https://openalex.org/W4312919750","https://openalex.org/W4318563475","https://openalex.org/W4320490094","https://openalex.org/W4390267791","https://openalex.org/W4396834072","https://openalex.org/W4401809786","https://openalex.org/W4402273453","https://openalex.org/W4403016098","https://openalex.org/W4404052830","https://openalex.org/W4404900892","https://openalex.org/W4409560618","https://openalex.org/W4410383550","https://openalex.org/W4410598620","https://openalex.org/W4411275916","https://openalex.org/W4414593329","https://openalex.org/W4415384252","https://openalex.org/W4415538358","https://openalex.org/W4416789866","https://openalex.org/W4416903627","https://openalex.org/W4417329384","https://openalex.org/W7127170112","https://openalex.org/W7155598882","https://openalex.org/W7164384418","https://openalex.org/W7165690185","https://openalex.org/W7224608243"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,42,92,124,168,186],"objective":[1],"of":[2,76,146,149,173,179,218],"this":[3],"study":[4],"was":[5,128,153],"to":[6,135,229],"identify":[7],"vibration":[8,22,43,102],"frequency":[9,107,221],"bands":[10,222],"that":[11,95],"most":[12,111],"effectively":[13],"differentiate":[14],"vehicle":[15],"operating":[16,97],"conditions":[17,98],"in":[18,199],"real":[19],"driving.":[20],"Vehicle":[21],"signals":[23,44],"acquired":[24],"along":[25],"three":[26],"measurement":[27],"axes":[28],"and":[29,50,60,84,120,165,175,196,203],"as":[30],"a":[31,105,156,176,182],"resultant":[32],"signal":[33],"were":[34,45,63,90],"analyzed":[35,51],"together":[36],"with":[37,79,109],"synchronized":[38],"CAN":[39],"bus":[40],"parameters.":[41],"divided":[46],"into":[47],"5-s":[48],"segments":[49],"using":[52,155],"the":[53,101,110,117,131,147,150,193,211,216,230],"fast":[54],"Fourier":[55],"transform":[56],"(FFT).":[57],"Mean":[58],"spectra":[59],"spectral":[61,72,126,208],"variability":[62],"evaluated":[64],"for":[65,161,192],"different":[66],"RPM":[67],"classes.":[68],"To":[69],"quantitatively":[70],"assess":[71],"differences,":[73],"one-way":[74],"analysis":[75,89],"variance":[77],"(ANOVA)":[78],"False":[80],"Discovery":[81],"Rate":[82],"correction":[83],"frequency-dependent":[85],"Cohen\u2019s":[86],"d":[87],"effect-size":[88],"applied.":[91],"results":[93,187],"demonstrated":[94,210],"engine":[96,205],"significantly":[99],"influence":[100],"spectrum":[103],"across":[104],"broad":[106],"range,":[108],"diagnostically":[112],"relevant":[113],"changes":[114],"occurring":[115],"within":[116],"8\u201312":[118],"Hz":[119,122],"25\u201335":[121],"bands.":[123],"strongest":[125],"separation":[127],"observed":[129],"during":[130],"transition":[132],"from":[133],"idle":[134,194],"low-RPM":[136],"operation,":[137],"yielding":[138],"very":[139],"large":[140],"effect":[141],"sizes.":[142],"An":[143],"additional":[144,227],"assessment":[145],"usefulness":[148],"selected":[151,219],"descriptors":[152,209],"conducted":[154],"Random":[157],"Forest":[158],"classifier,":[159],"accounting":[160],"group-based":[162],"temporal":[163],"partitioning":[164],"five-fold":[166],"cross-validation.":[167],"classifier":[169],"achieved":[170],"an":[171],"accuracy":[172,178],"88.28%":[174],"balanced":[177],"74.51%":[180],"on":[181],"separate":[183],"test":[184],"set.":[185],"indicate":[188],"high":[189],"recognition":[190],"rates":[191],"state":[195],"greater":[197],"difficulty":[198],"distinguishing":[200],"between":[201],"low":[202],"medium":[204],"speeds.":[206],"Global":[207],"greatest":[212],"predictive":[213],"power,":[214],"whereas":[215],"energies":[217],"narrow":[220],"did":[223],"not":[224],"provide":[225],"significant":[226],"information":[228],"classification":[231],"model.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}