{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225811871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447","title":"The Age Test: What the Oldest Stars Allow the Competing Expansion Histories to Claim","display_name":"The Age Test: What the Oldest Stars Allow the Competing Expansion Histories to Claim","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225811871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24145447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161362375","display_name":"William Alexander Aldred","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aldred, William Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161362375"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166126730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725309","display_name":"Planck","level":2,"score":0.7013999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.6007000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.5310999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778286931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524410","display_name":"Billion years","level":3,"score":0.5194000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125860484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500699","display_name":"Age of the universe","level":4,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20154449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129469","display_name":"Metric expansion of space","level":4,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778315469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212881","display_name":"History of physics","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780897414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600592","display_name":"Star (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589822","display_name":"Ceiling (cloud)","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126320844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153477","display_name":"Cold dark matter","level":3,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103874350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179916","display_name":"Hubble's law","level":4,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512234","display_name":"Sigma","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24145447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24145448","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24145447","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24145447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Every":[0],"expansion":[1,60,160,201],"history":[2,18,44,112,125],"implies":[3],"a":[4,13,123,127,140,152,189,197,219],"total":[5],"age,":[6],"and":[7,34,62,69,91,139,213],"the":[8,24,31,41,54,58,70,75,84,95,99,110,121,159,163,171,180,200,203],"oldest":[9],"observed":[10],"objects":[11],"set":[12],"floor":[14,87,129,142],"beneath":[15],"which":[16],"no":[17,184],"may":[19],"fall.":[20],"This":[21,206],"paper":[22],"computes":[23],"cosmic":[25],"age":[26,39,97,172,202],"for":[27,131,155],"four":[28],"histories":[29],"in":[30],"Hubble-tension":[32],"dispute":[33],"grades":[35],"each":[36],"against":[37],"stellar":[38],"floors:":[40],"Planck":[42,63,76,111],"standard":[43],"gives":[45,52,67,78],"13.80":[46],"billion":[47,80,107,177],"years;":[48],"an":[49],"evolving-dark-energy":[50],"variant":[51],"13.79;":[53],"small-ruler":[55],"combination":[56],"with":[57],"SH0ES":[59,71],"rate":[61,72],"physical":[64],"matter":[65],"density":[66],"13.32;":[68],"imposed":[73],"on":[74],"shape":[77],"12.73":[79],"years":[81],"\u2014":[82],"below":[83,94,117,136,146],"conservative":[85],"13.0-billion-year":[86,128],"from":[88,210],"globular-cluster":[89],"ages,":[90],"2.17":[92],"sigma":[93,116],"central":[96],"of":[98,166],"metal-poor":[100],"star":[101],"HD":[102],"140283":[103],"(14.46":[104],"\u00b1":[105],"0.8":[106],"years),":[108],"whereas":[109],"sits":[113],"only":[114,130,143],"0.82":[115],"that":[118],"star.":[119],"Inverting":[120],"integral,":[122],"Planck-shaped":[124],"respects":[126],"Hubble":[132],"constants":[133],"at":[134,144],"or":[135,145],"71.51":[137],"km/s/Mpc,":[138],"13.5-billion-year":[141],"68.86.":[147],"The":[148],"computation":[149],"also":[150],"settles":[151],"side":[153],"question":[154],"bounced":[156],"cosmologies:":[157],"replacing":[158],"integral":[161],"above":[162],"density-ceiling":[164],"redshift":[165],"1.05":[167],"\u00d7":[168,175],"10^22":[169],"changes":[170],"by":[173],"1.8":[174],"10^\u221260":[176],"years,":[178],"so":[179],"bounce's":[181],"ceiling":[182],"buys":[183],"meaningful":[185],"age;":[186],"whatever":[187],"time":[188],"contracting":[190],"pre-phase":[191],"contains":[192],"is":[193,208,217],"additional":[194],"to,":[195],"not":[196,218],"substitute":[198],"for,":[199],"stars":[204],"grade.":[205],"study":[207],"computed":[209],"published":[211],"values":[212],"stated":[214],"assumptions;":[215],"it":[216],"measurement.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
