{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225809231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","title":"Development of a Novel Oil Spill Severity Index (OSSI) for the Niger Delta","display_name":"Development of a Novel Oil Spill Severity Index (OSSI) for the Niger Delta","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225809231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161472854","display_name":"Mohammad Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","display_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wt1929","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheffield Hallam University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheffield Hallam University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161486164","display_name":"Peter Thomas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","display_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wt1929","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheffield Hallam University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheffield Hallam University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161439983","display_name":"Abhishek Asthana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","display_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wt1929","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Asthana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheffield Hallam University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheffield Hallam University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049462534","display_name":"Hessam Jahangiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-7019","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-7019"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","display_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wt1929","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hessam Jahangiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheffield Hallam University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheffield Hallam University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041901573","display_name":"Mukesh Goel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2991-3439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2991-3439"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","display_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wt1929","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mukesh Goel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sheffield Hallam University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sheffield Hallam University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12316","display_name":"Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12316","display_name":"Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14224","display_name":"Oil, Gas, and Environmental Issues","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6995000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985668151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220187","display_name":"Oil spill","level":2,"score":0.6804999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11457288/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3082111633","https://openalex.org/W3131647266","https://openalex.org/W3151625249","https://openalex.org/W4323667849","https://openalex.org/W4381435204","https://openalex.org/W4382362038","https://openalex.org/W4390858760","https://openalex.org/W4392520318","https://openalex.org/W4392980124","https://openalex.org/W4393071533","https://openalex.org/W4399259040","https://openalex.org/W4400661279","https://openalex.org/W4405966081","https://openalex.org/W4414552672","https://openalex.org/W4414897682","https://openalex.org/W7148886692"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Oil":[1,61],"spills":[2],"remain":[3],"a":[4,59,66,127,206,260,273],"primary":[5],"issue":[6],"of":[7,31,36,49,86,89,115,131,209,250],"environmental":[8,280],"and":[9,25,33,54,96,122,151,165,168,224,245,252,269,285],"socio-spatial":[10],"consequence":[11],"in":[12,140,179],"the":[13,34,37,46,107,112,118,197,231,236,243],"Niger":[14],"Delta.":[15],"Typical":[16],"oil":[17,90],"spill":[18,32,50,72,132,265,283,291],"assessment":[19],"methods":[20],"are":[21,155],"based":[22],"on":[23],"specific":[24],"singular":[26],"measures,":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"volume":[30,88,220],"dimension":[35],"contaminated":[38],"area,":[39],"with":[40,205],"due":[41],"consideration":[42],"not":[43],"given":[44],"to":[45,51,70,75,93,98,105,125,142,194,214,242,263,298],"spatial":[47,84,113],"proximity":[48,92,109],"water":[52,100],"resources":[53],"communities.":[55],"This":[56,257,277],"work":[57],"developed":[58],"novel":[60],"Spill":[62,219],"Severity":[63],"Index":[64],"(OSSI),":[65],"composite":[67],"measure":[68],"designed":[69],"rank":[71],"sites":[73],"according":[74],"urgency":[76],"for":[77],"remediation.":[78],"The":[79],"OSSI":[80],"integrates":[81],"four":[82],"indicators:":[83],"extent":[85],"contamination,":[87],"released,":[91],"residential":[94],"communities,":[95],"closeness":[97],"essential":[99],"sources.":[101],"GIS":[102],"were":[103,120,138,173,184],"used":[104,139],"derive":[106],"two":[108],"variables":[110],"from":[111],"location":[114],"incidents;":[116],"while":[117,177],"indicators":[119],"normalized":[121],"weight":[123],"aggregated":[124],"develop":[126],"single":[128],"dimensionless":[129],"index":[130],"severity":[133,171,275],"(0-100).":[134],"Four":[135],"weighting":[136,232],"scenarios":[137],"analyses":[141],"compare":[143],"results":[144,190],"obtained":[145],"when":[146],"Equal":[147],"Weighting,":[148],"Social":[149],"Priority":[150,153],"Ecological":[152],"schemes":[154],"applied.":[156],"Model":[157],"validity":[158],"was":[159],"evaluated":[160],"through":[161],"Monte":[162],"Carlo":[163],"simulation,":[164],"bootstrap":[166],"resampling":[167],"differences":[169],"between":[170],"class":[172],"assessed":[174,185],"using":[175,186],"ANOVA":[176],"variations":[178],"classifications":[180],"under":[181],"alternate":[182],"weightings":[183],"Chi-square.":[187],"Sensitivity":[188],"analysis":[189,233],"show":[191],"that":[192,235,293],"distance":[193,213],"communities":[195],"is":[196],"most":[198],"significant":[199],"factor":[200],"influencing":[201],"sensitivity":[202],"coefficient":[203],"(SC),":[204],"SC":[207],"value":[208],"0.41,":[210],"followed":[211],"by":[212,288],"watercourses":[215],"(SC":[216,221,227],"=":[217,222,228],"0.29),":[218],"0.18),":[223],"Contaminated":[225],"Area":[226],"0.12).":[229],"Additionally,":[230],"found":[234],"social":[237],"priority":[238],"management":[239],"perspective,":[240],"compared":[241],"equal":[244],"ecological":[246,270],"priorities,":[247],"increases":[248],"number":[249],"high":[251,254],"very":[253],"categories":[255],"cases.":[256],"study":[258,278],"presents":[259],"pioneering":[261],"effort":[262],"combine":[264],"magnitude,":[266],"settlement":[267],"proximity,":[268],"exposure":[271],"within":[272],"unified":[274],"model.":[276],"enhances":[279],"risk":[281],"classification,":[282],"prioritization,":[284],"policy-based":[286],"decision-making":[287],"identifying":[289],"critical":[290],"hotspots":[292],"conventional":[294],"approaches":[295],"may":[296],"fail":[297],"detect.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
