{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225808422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058","title":"Transformer-Based RUL Prediction for Aircraft APU Using Real-World Operational Data","display_name":"Transformer-Based RUL Prediction for Aircraft APU Using Real-World Operational Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225808422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace13111058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011367933","display_name":"Siyu Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-2898","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-2898"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153872","display_name":"Jiangsu Maritime Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04pekda06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyu Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Navigation Technology, Jiangsu Maritime Institute, No. 309 Gezhi Road, Nanjing 211170, China","Digital Engineering Technology Research and Development Center for Maritime Safety and Security, Jiangsu Maritime Institute, Nanjing 211170, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-2898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Navigation Technology, Jiangsu Maritime Institute, No. 309 Gezhi Road, Nanjing 211170, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153872"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Engineering Technology Research and Development Center for Maritime Safety and Security, Jiangsu Maritime Institute, Nanjing 211170, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072465402","display_name":"\u5b59\u6709\u671d","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youchao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29, Jiangjun Ave., Nanjing 210016, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, No. 29, Jiangjun Ave., Nanjing 210016, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023795034","display_name":"Wenming Su","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153872","display_name":"Jiangsu Maritime Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04pekda06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenming Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Navigation Technology, Jiangsu Maritime Institute, No. 309 Gezhi Road, Nanjing 211170, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Navigation Technology, Jiangsu Maritime Institute, No. 309 Gezhi Road, Nanjing 211170, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135955662","display_name":"Huimin Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0579-3315","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0579-3315"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153872","display_name":"Jiangsu Maritime Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04pekda06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huimin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Navigation Technology, Jiangsu Maritime Institute, No. 309 Gezhi Road, Nanjing 211170, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Navigation Technology, Jiangsu Maritime Institute, No. 309 Gezhi Road, Nanjing 211170, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"1058","last_page":"1058"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9672999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.019500000402331352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13858","display_name":"Technical Engine Diagnostics and Monitoring","score":0.006899999920278788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.551800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5489000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779679103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251805","display_name":"Degradation (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.49470001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129364497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042561","display_name":"Prognostics","level":2,"score":0.44119998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161511644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908333","display_name":"Auxiliary power unit","level":3,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.382999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103208741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1675349","display_name":"Service life","level":2,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776907094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043452","display_name":"Condition-based maintenance","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70452415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3182448","display_name":"Predictive maintenance","level":2,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23725684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616377","display_name":"Maintenance engineering","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107545201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906438","display_name":"Aircraft maintenance","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.28279998898506165}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace13111058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace13111058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Auxiliary":[0],"power":[1],"units":[2],"(APUs)":[3],"of":[4,17,24,31,122,143],"aircraft":[5],"undergo":[6],"continuous":[7],"performance":[8],"degradation":[9,66,107],"during":[10],"service":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,61,104],"the":[14,64,120,126,138,150],"coupled":[15,65],"effects":[16],"operating":[18],"environment":[19],"and":[20,41,71,169],"load.":[21],"Accurate":[22],"prediction":[23,49,74,86,156],"their":[25],"remaining":[26],"useful":[27],"life":[28],"(RUL)":[29],"is":[30,116],"great":[32],"significance":[33],"for":[34,172],"avoiding":[35],"unplanned":[36],"downtime,":[37],"improving":[38],"flight":[39],"safety,":[40],"reducing":[42],"maintenance":[43],"costs.":[44],"Most":[45],"existing":[46],"APU":[47,84,173],"RUL":[48,85,174],"methods":[50],"rely":[51],"solely":[52],"on":[53,137],"a":[54,82,91,129,167],"single":[55],"parameter,":[56],"which":[57],"makes":[58],"it":[59,103],"difficult":[60],"fully":[62],"exploit":[63],"information":[67],"among":[68],"multiple":[69],"sensors":[70],"thus":[72],"limits":[73],"accuracy.":[75],"To":[76],"this":[77,79],"end,":[78],"paper":[80],"proposes":[81],"Transformer-based":[83],"model.":[87],"The":[88,163],"model":[89],"adopts":[90],"pure":[92],"self-attention":[93],"encoder\u2013decoder":[94],"structure":[95],"without":[96],"any":[97],"convolutional":[98],"or":[99],"recurrent":[100],"modules,":[101],"enabling":[102],"automatically":[105],"extract":[106],"features":[108],"directly":[109],"from":[110,119,145],"real":[111,140],"multi-dimensional":[112],"sensor":[113],"sequences.":[114,135],"It":[115],"also":[117],"free":[118],"constraints":[121],"temporal":[123],"distance":[124],"within":[125],"sequence,":[127],"offering":[128],"notable":[130],"advantage":[131],"in":[132],"modeling":[133],"long":[134],"Experiments":[136],"full-lifecycle":[139],"operational":[141],"data":[142],"APUs":[144],"an":[146],"airline":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"that":[149],"proposed":[151,164],"method":[152,165],"achieves":[153],"significantly":[154],"higher":[155],"accuracy":[157],"than":[158],"mainstream":[159],"deep-learning":[160],"baseline":[161],"models.":[162],"provides":[166],"concise":[168],"efficient":[170],"solution":[171],"prediction.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}