{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225806437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","title":"Study on evolution law of interface cracks in tunnels and grouting reinforcement mechanism based on particle flow simulation","display_name":"Study on evolution law of interface cracks in tunnels and grouting reinforcement mechanism based on particle flow simulation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225806437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158750638","display_name":"Haoran Shi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130035","display_name":"China Communications Construction Company (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03q3een69","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130035"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoran Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Communications Construction Company First Highway Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Communications Construction Company First Highway Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130035"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158767578","display_name":"Hongtu Xiu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130035","display_name":"China Communications Construction Company (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03q3een69","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130035"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hongtu Xiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Communications Construction Company First Highway Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Communications Construction Company First Highway Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130035"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078311449","display_name":"Tianyu Long","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178232147","display_name":"Guizhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wmsc916","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178232147"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178232147"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102637540","display_name":"Xiaojiang Deng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178232147","display_name":"Guizhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wmsc916","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178232147"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojiang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178232147"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078311449","https://openalex.org/A5158767578"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178232147","https://openalex.org/I4210130035"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.82669997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.82669997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13596","display_name":"Grouting, Rheology, and Soil Mechanics","score":0.07840000092983246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13772","display_name":"Geomechanics and Mining Engineering","score":0.042500000447034836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6625999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205093917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1468336","display_name":"Overburden pressure","level":2,"score":0.6496000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136478896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898288","display_name":"Brittleness","level":2,"score":0.6064000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5602999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.4778999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.42590001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985957023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105191","display_name":"Particle flow","level":3,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96035792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43606218","display_name":"Shear (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018344627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1925224","display_name":"Failure mechanism","level":2,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66283442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389268","display_name":"Failure mode and effects analysis","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135677250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3319673","display_name":"Bearing capacity","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178290832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5199275","display_name":"Cylinder stress","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79186407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472074","display_name":"Plasticity","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75512024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009280","display_name":"Crack closure","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59085676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q957852","display_name":"Fracture mechanics","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97842125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191291","display_name":"Rock mechanics","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21141959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657936","display_name":"Shear stress","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116642361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6495709","display_name":"Lateral strain","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205539056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251699","display_name":"Deformation mechanism","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.2009739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488896768","https://openalex.org/W2027426494","https://openalex.org/W2034079800","https://openalex.org/W2054630168","https://openalex.org/W2082068102","https://openalex.org/W2086216370","https://openalex.org/W2086299849","https://openalex.org/W2275072469","https://openalex.org/W2552979527","https://openalex.org/W2883345413","https://openalex.org/W2902705901","https://openalex.org/W3001544421","https://openalex.org/W3083000458","https://openalex.org/W3084886482","https://openalex.org/W3129250984","https://openalex.org/W3195456497","https://openalex.org/W4205569416","https://openalex.org/W4293805131","https://openalex.org/W4296225849","https://openalex.org/W4304109016","https://openalex.org/W4327923007","https://openalex.org/W4386864671","https://openalex.org/W4396592572","https://openalex.org/W4407757960","https://openalex.org/W4414308983","https://openalex.org/W4416407943","https://openalex.org/W7077069531","https://openalex.org/W7166832827"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"deep":[1,209],"tunnels,":[2],"interface":[3,36,81],"cracks":[4,82],"between":[5,71,195],"surrounding":[6],"rock":[7,33],"and":[8,48,58,68,74,138,163,198],"lining":[9],"degrade":[10],"the":[11,94,104,111,125,139,146],"mechanical":[12],"performance":[13],"of":[14,40,149,208],"composite":[15],"supporting":[16],"structures.":[17],"Using":[18],"particle":[19],"flow":[20],"code":[21],"(PFC),":[22],"this":[23],"paper":[24],"establishes":[25],"a":[26,89],"validated":[27],"discrete-element":[28],"numerical":[29],"model":[30],"for":[31,110,124,145,205],"lining-surrounding":[32],"with":[34],"pre-set":[35],"cracks.":[37],"The":[38,63,156],"influences":[39],"crack":[41,49,91,95],"position":[42,113,127],"angle":[43,51,97],"\u03b1":[44,129,150],"(0\u00b0,":[45],"45\u00b0,":[46,152],"90\u00b0)":[47],"range":[50],"\u03b2":[52,98,153],"(15\u00b0\u201375\u00b0)":[53],"on":[54],"structural":[55],"peak":[56,105],"strength":[57],"failure":[59,170],"patterns":[60],"are":[61,76],"investigated.":[62],"meso-scale":[64],"grouting":[65,75],"reinforcement":[66,157],"mechanism":[67],"coupling":[69,194],"effect":[70],"confining":[72,167,182,196],"pressure":[73,168,183,197],"revealed.":[77],"Results":[78],"show":[79],"that":[80],"produce":[83],"obvious":[84],"anisotropic":[85],"weakening":[86],"effects.":[87],"At":[88],"fixed":[90],"position,":[92],"as":[93],"extent":[96],"increases":[99],"from":[100,172],"15\u00b0":[101],"to":[102,176],"75\u00b0,":[103],"load":[106],"decreases":[107],"by":[108,121,136],"8.8%":[109],"spandrel":[112],"(\u03b1":[114],"=":[115,130,151,154],"45\u00b0)\u2014the":[116],"most":[117],"unfavorable":[118],"stress":[119],"state\u2014and":[120],"approximately":[122],"10.8%":[123],"crown/invert":[126],"(":[128],"0\u00b0).":[131],"Grouting":[132],"improves":[133],"bearing":[134],"capacity":[135],"9.28%\u201326.94%,":[137],"maximum":[140],"growth":[141],"rate":[142],"(26.94%)":[143],"occurs":[144],"weakest":[147],"case":[148],"75\u00b0.":[155],"essence":[158],"lies":[159],"in":[160],"force-chain":[161],"bridging":[162],"stress-ring":[164],"reconstruction.":[165],"Increasing":[166],"drives":[169],"transition":[171],"brittle":[173],"tensile":[174],"splitting":[175],"ductile":[177],"shear":[178],"failure.":[179],"Under":[180],"high":[181],"(1.5":[184],"MPa),":[185],"grouted":[186],"samples":[187],"barely":[188],"generate":[189],"macroscopic":[190],"cracks,":[191],"demonstrating":[192],"positive":[193],"grouting.":[199],"This":[200],"study":[201],"provides":[202],"theoretical":[203],"support":[204],"grouting-reinforcement":[206],"design":[207],"defective":[210],"tunnel":[211],"linings.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
