{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225805358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","title":"Long-term trends and spatial contrasts in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) of Kolkata, India","display_name":"Long-term trends and spatial contrasts in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) of Kolkata, India","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225805358","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003730773","display_name":"Simran Banerjee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288043984","display_name":"Techno India University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v1y6t69","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288043984"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simran Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techno India University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techno India University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288043984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110761230","display_name":"Ankita Mitra","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288043984","display_name":"Techno India University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v1y6t69","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288043984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191114373","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Stevens Point","ror":"https://ror.org/05sv6pg41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191114373"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankita Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techno India University","University of Wisconsin\u2013Stevens Point"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techno India University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288043984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Stevens Point","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191114373"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048469378","display_name":"Joystu Dutta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9061-6372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9061-6372"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joystu Dutta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000790917","display_name":"Sufia Zaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2029-5549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2029-5549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288043984","display_name":"Techno India University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v1y6t69","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288043984"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sufia Zaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techno India University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techno India University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288043984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082173414","display_name":"Abhijit Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-4838","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-4838"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288043984","display_name":"Techno India University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v1y6t69","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288043984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191114373","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Stevens Point","ror":"https://ror.org/05sv6pg41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191114373"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhijit Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Techno India University","University of Wisconsin\u2013Stevens Point"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Techno India University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288043984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Stevens Point","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191114373"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048469378"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13102","display_name":"Soil and Environmental Studies","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39464130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898","display_name":"Soil carbon","level":3,"score":0.7268000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6963000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127040729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844","display_name":"Megacity","level":2,"score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.5618000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.5526999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.44530001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64297162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1987070","display_name":"Deposition (geology)","level":3,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158787203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900291","display_name":"Total organic carbon","level":2,"score":0.42730000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65680412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3718755","display_name":"Terrestrial ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20664614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067951","display_name":"Urban ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46002017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1657165","display_name":"Atmospheric carbon cycle","level":4,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6939412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon cycle","level":3,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149677717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611523","display_name":"Carbon sink","level":3,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199491958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737514","display_name":"Global change","level":3,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993678126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon flux","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541528975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53121","display_name":"Cycling","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127142870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7838279","display_name":"Trend analysis","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11329837/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985042172","https://openalex.org/W1996487489","https://openalex.org/W2041480548","https://openalex.org/W2090602773","https://openalex.org/W2091160252","https://openalex.org/W2120700469","https://openalex.org/W2205783160","https://openalex.org/W2918527903","https://openalex.org/W2954387995","https://openalex.org/W4230238621","https://openalex.org/W4381715320","https://openalex.org/W4382362038","https://openalex.org/W4406479052","https://openalex.org/W4407953643","https://openalex.org/W7128906112"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Soil":[1],"Organic":[2],"Carbon":[3],"(SOC)":[4],"is":[5,32,199],"used":[6],"as":[7,16,18,38,178],"a":[8,149,155,179],"proxy":[9],"to":[10,98,104,110,117,167,184,201,215,224],"assess":[11],"the":[12,28,56,72,91,175,186,190,203,226],"degree":[13],"of":[14,30,40,49,53,74,88,197,207,230],"natural":[15,160],"well":[17],"anthropogenic":[19,163],"stress":[20,164],"factors.":[21],"In":[22],"an":[23,64],"over":[24],"populated":[25],"urban":[26,58,208,220],"zone,":[27],"values":[29],"SOC":[31,66,94,187,198],"regulated":[33],"by":[34,42,147],"several":[35],"factors":[36,165],"such":[37],"deposition":[39,48],"dust":[41],"running":[43],"vehicles,":[44],"atmospheric":[45],"fall":[46],"out,":[47],"plant":[50],"litter,":[51],"transference":[52],"materials":[54],"from":[55,96,102,108,115],"surrounding":[57],"environment":[59],"etc.":[60],"This":[61,210],"research":[62],"analyzed":[63],"yearly":[65],"dataset":[67],"for":[68],"four":[69,127,191],"sites":[70],"in":[71,144,152],"megacity":[73],"Kolkata,":[75],"namely":[76],"Moulali,":[77,101],"Rajabazar,":[78,107],"Manicktala":[79,113],"and":[80,114,134,154,162,182,222],"Shyambazar,":[81],"covering":[82],"more":[83],"than":[84],"three":[85],"decades":[86],"(1990\u20132025)":[87],"timescale.":[89],"Over":[90],"36-year":[92],"period,":[93],"increased":[95],"0.62":[97],"1.34%":[99],"at":[100,106,112,119,125],"0.71":[103],"1.61%":[105],"0.49":[109],"1.03%":[111],"0.51":[116],"1.12%":[118],"Shyambazar.":[120],"Linear":[121],"trends":[122],"were":[123],"positive":[124],"all":[126],"sites,":[128],"with":[129],"fitted":[130],"slopes":[131],"between":[132],"0.0140":[133],"0.0207":[135],"percentage":[136],"points":[137],"per":[138],"year.":[139],"A":[140],"noticeable":[141],"dip":[142],"occurred":[143],"2020,":[145],"followed":[146],"only":[148],"modest":[150],"recovery":[151],"2021":[153],"stronger":[156],"hike":[157],"thereafter.":[158],"Both":[159],"phenomenon":[161],"contribute":[166],"this":[168],"spatio-temporal":[169,195],"variations.":[170],"The":[171,194],"study":[172],"therefore":[173],"treats":[174],"present":[176],"series":[177],"baseline":[180],"record":[181],"aims":[183],"explore":[185],"patterns":[188],"across":[189,219],"selected":[192],"sites.":[193],"analysis":[196],"essential":[200],"understand":[202,216],"carbon":[204,217],"sequestration":[205,229],"potential":[206],"soils.":[209],"may":[211],"further":[212],"help":[213],"environmentalists":[214],"dynamics":[218],"ecosystems":[221],"ways":[223],"mitigate":[225],"carbon-dioxide":[227],"through":[228],"terrestrial":[231],"carbon.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}