{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225804746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","title":"SGLT2 inhibitors as foundational cardiorenal therapy: trial heterogeneity, evidence gaps, and practical sequencing in heart failure and chronic kidney disease","display_name":"SGLT2 inhibitors as foundational cardiorenal therapy: trial heterogeneity, evidence gaps, and practical sequencing in heart failure and chronic kidney disease","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225804746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764563886","display_name":"The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"1110-7782","issn":["1110-7782","2090-9098"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144248534","display_name":"Fayez Salahedin Alkhateeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7226-8028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7226-8028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114972647","display_name":"University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/05k89ew48","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fayez Salahedin Al-khateeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7226-8028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5144248534"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114972647"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.7226999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.7226999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10198","display_name":"Heart Failure Treatment and Management","score":0.19519999623298645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10408","display_name":"Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes","score":0.05310000106692314,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2727","display_name":"Nephrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778198053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181754","display_name":"Heart failure","level":2,"score":0.7875999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776174234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974792","display_name":"Albuminuria","level":3,"score":0.7533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718","display_name":"Kidney disease","level":2,"score":0.7527999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775887513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373824","display_name":"Empagliflozin","level":4,"score":0.6976000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.6047000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159641895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108377937","display_name":"Renal function","level":2,"score":0.548799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781309322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5038718","display_name":"Cardiorenal syndrome","level":3,"score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203092338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863","display_name":"Clinical endpoint","level":3,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.38830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780091579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9377","display_name":"Kidney","level":2,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779922275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129105","display_name":"Diabetic nephropathy","level":3,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777099384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799239","display_name":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","level":4,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780074459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389735","display_name":"Heart disease","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424337","display_name":"Acute kidney injury","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776442814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6659956","display_name":"Lixisenatide","level":5,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426132","display_name":"Tolvaptan","level":3,"score":0.26100000739097595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764563886","display_name":"The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"1110-7782","issn":["1110-7782","2090-9098"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s43162-026-00761-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764563886","display_name":"The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"1110-7782","issn":["1110-7782","2090-9098"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Egyptian Journal of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127125241","https://openalex.org/W2146264128","https://openalex.org/W2492672367","https://openalex.org/W2614137535","https://openalex.org/W2626446274","https://openalex.org/W2808467887","https://openalex.org/W2884466498","https://openalex.org/W2899764361","https://openalex.org/W2900413769","https://openalex.org/W2939222610","https://openalex.org/W2974260792","https://openalex.org/W2999945678","https://openalex.org/W3005350465","https://openalex.org/W3081830235","https://openalex.org/W3088173406","https://openalex.org/W3089283105","https://openalex.org/W3128006140","https://openalex.org/W3193297191","https://openalex.org/W3216543422","https://openalex.org/W4207052998","https://openalex.org/W4292063341","https://openalex.org/W4293353625","https://openalex.org/W4293354639","https://openalex.org/W4308183941","https://openalex.org/W4389296028","https://openalex.org/W4392581840","https://openalex.org/W4392777592","https://openalex.org/W4406666504","https://openalex.org/W4408223616","https://openalex.org/W4411068410","https://openalex.org/W4417121404","https://openalex.org/W4417280320","https://openalex.org/W7204544709","https://openalex.org/W7204603178"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Sodium-glucose":[2],"cotransporter-2":[3],"(SGLT2)":[4],"inhibitors":[5,206,290],"were":[6,85,112],"developed":[7],"as":[8,20],"glucose-lowering":[9],"therapies":[10],"for":[11,241,262],"type":[12,224],"2":[13,225],"diabetes":[14],"mellitus":[15],"but":[16,35,256,299],"are":[17,32,135,157,291],"now":[18],"used":[19],"disease-modifying":[21],"treatment":[22],"in":[23,41,176,183,194,270],"heart":[24,44,79,138,213],"failure":[25,45,139,197,214],"and":[26,52,67,81,94,100,109,141,154,163,180,185,192,216,229,282,309,322,343],"chronic":[27,145],"kidney":[28,47,82,146,190,245,273,276,280,334],"disease.":[29,147],"Their":[30],"benefits":[31],"well":[33],"established,":[34],"the":[36,118,126,131,170,202,306,330,344,348],"major":[37,91,150],"trials":[38,84,167,198],"differ":[39],"substantially":[40],"cardiovascular":[42,119,152,155,243],"risk,":[43],"phenotype,":[46,333],"function,":[48,335],"albuminuria,":[49,336],"background":[50,310],"therapy,":[51,298,342],"endpoint":[53],"selection.":[54],"Methods":[55],"This":[56],"structured":[57],"narrative":[58],"review":[59],"was":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62,149],"searches":[63],"of":[64,144,189,285,295,347],"PubMed/MEDLINE,":[65],"Scopus,":[66],"Google":[68],"Scholar":[69],"from":[70,172],"January":[71],"2015":[72],"through":[73],"September":[74],"5,":[75],"2026.":[76],"Randomized":[77],"cardiovascular,":[78],"failure,":[80],"outcome":[83,166],"prioritized,":[86],"together":[87],"with":[88,211,223],"secondary":[89],"analyses,":[90],"meta-analyses,":[92],"guidelines":[93],"consensus":[95],"documents,":[96],"selected":[97,278],"combination-therapy":[98],"studies,":[99],"observational":[101],"evidence":[102,171,261],"relevant":[103],"to":[104,116,178],"real-world":[105],"effectiveness.":[106],"Earlier":[107],"historical":[108],"regulatory":[110],"sources":[111],"included":[113],"when":[114],"necessary":[115],"contextualize":[117],"outcomes":[120],"trial":[121,129],"era.":[122],"Main":[123],"body":[124],"Across":[125],"SGLT2":[127,205,289],"inhibitor":[128],"program,":[130],"most":[132],"consistent":[133],"effects":[134],"fewer":[136],"worsening":[137],"events":[140,153,246],"slower":[142],"progression":[143],"Effects":[148],"adverse":[151],"mortality":[156],"less":[158],"uniform":[159],"across":[160,201,319],"individual":[161],"agents":[162,321],"populations.":[164],"Kidney":[165],"have":[168],"expanded":[169],"albuminuric":[173,221],"diabetic":[174,179],"CKD":[175,182,222],"CREDENCE":[177],"non-diabetic":[181],"DAPA-CKD":[184],"a":[186,292],"broader":[187],"range":[188],"function":[191],"albuminuria":[193,233],"EMPA-KIDNEY.":[195],"Heart":[196],"support":[199,253],"benefit":[200,318],"ejection-fraction":[203],"spectrum.":[204],"can":[207],"also":[208],"be":[209,303],"integrated":[210],"established":[212],"therapy":[215,237],"renin-angiotensin":[217],"system":[218],"blockade.":[219],"In":[220],"diabetes,":[226],"combined":[227],"empagliflozin":[228],"finerenone":[230],"produces":[231],"greater":[232],"reduction":[234],"than":[235,314],"either":[236],"alone,":[238],"although":[239],"superiority":[240],"long-term":[242],"or":[244,264],"has":[247],"not":[248,258],"been":[249],"established.":[250],"Real-world":[251],"studies":[252],"external":[254],"validity":[255],"do":[257],"replace":[259],"randomized":[260],"causal":[263],"drug-to-drug":[265],"comparisons.":[266],"Evidence":[267],"gaps":[268],"remain":[269],"maintenance":[271],"dialysis,":[272],"transplantation,":[274],"polycystic":[275],"disease,":[277],"immune-mediated":[279],"diseases,":[281],"optimal":[283],"sequencing":[284],"multidrug":[286],"therapy.":[287],"Conclusion":[288],"central":[293],"component":[294],"contemporary":[296],"cardiorenal":[297,332],"their":[300],"use":[301],"should":[302],"guided":[304],"by":[305,315,329],"populations,":[307],"endpoints,":[308],"treatments":[311],"studied":[312],"rather":[313],"assuming":[316],"identical":[317],"all":[320],"settings.":[323],"Clinical":[324],"integration":[325],"is":[326],"best":[327],"informed":[328],"dominant":[331],"volume":[337],"status,":[338],"blood":[339],"pressure,":[340],"concomitant":[341],"remaining":[345],"limits":[346],"evidence.":[349]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}