{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225801860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","title":"Geostatistically resolved PCA and fuzzy C-means clustering based delineation of multi-nutrient soil-fertility management zones for site-specific nutrient management in maize","display_name":"Geostatistically resolved PCA and fuzzy C-means clustering based delineation of multi-nutrient soil-fertility management zones for site-specific nutrient management in maize","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225801860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092673864","display_name":"Vaibhav Bhagwan Pandit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7837-7826","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7837-7826"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaibhav Bhagwan Pandit","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090626930","display_name":"Theerthala Anjaiah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theerthala Anjaiah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059260944","display_name":"Ch. Ravali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5627-9864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5627-9864"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chitteti Ravali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134605785","display_name":"Meeniga Venkateswarlu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3719-3693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3719-3693"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meeniga Venkateswarlu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161490604","display_name":"Chandrasekar Sivaranjani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandrasekar Sivaranjani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080270829","display_name":"Sumanta Chatterjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-5732","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-5732"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumanta Chatterjee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009675078","display_name":"Aminullah Noorzai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-3099","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-3099"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aminullah Noorzai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-3099","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.826200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.826200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12294","display_name":"Agricultural Science and Fertilization","score":0.15369999408721924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13058","display_name":"Soil and Land Suitability Analysis","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6054999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20529654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247456","display_name":"Topsoil","level":3,"score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.5465999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.5267999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323","display_name":"Fertilizer","level":2,"score":0.4607999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38774213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202080","display_name":"Soil fertility","level":3,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105462344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17142554","display_name":"Nutrient management","level":3,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125572338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440020","display_name":"Geostatistics","level":3,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14522933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531507","display_name":"Micronutrient","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138695830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial dependence","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778157034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12111","display_name":"Sorghum","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138528620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2510752","display_name":"Explained variation","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85675897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554944","display_name":"Soil management","level":3,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-74782-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Sustainable":[1],"maize":[2,53],"production":[3],"in":[4,16,57,61,263,306],"spatially":[5],"heterogeneous":[6],"smallholder":[7],"fields":[8],"requires":[9],"nutrient":[10,332],"recommendations":[11],"that":[12,319,336],"reflect":[13],"within-field":[14],"variation":[15],"soil":[17,40,328],"fertility":[18,177],"and":[19,55,95,104,115,126,151,168,236,244,302,345],"its":[20],"spatial":[21,109,138],"structure,":[22],"particularly":[23],"where":[24],"micronutrient":[25],"constraints":[26],"can":[27,325],"coexist":[28],"with":[29,131,145,225],"adequate":[30],"macronutrient":[31],"supply.":[32],"This":[33],"study":[34],"aimed":[35],"to":[36,48,141,241,251,258,295],"convert":[37],"dense":[38],"field-scale":[39],"information":[41],"into":[42,330],"operational":[43],"management":[44],"zones":[45,338],"(MZs)":[46],"linked":[47],"soil-test":[49],"target-yield":[50],"fertilizer":[51],"prescriptions,":[52],"yield,":[54],"profitability":[56,304],"a":[58,174],"farmer-managed":[59],"field":[60],"the":[62,215],"northern":[63],"Deccan":[64],"Plateau":[65],"(Telangana,":[66],"India).":[67],"Two":[68],"hundred":[69],"georeferenced":[70],"composite":[71],"topsoil":[72],"samples":[73],"(0\u201315":[74],"cm)":[75],"were":[76,122],"analyzed":[77],"for":[78,160,166,229],"11":[79],"indicators":[80,231],"(pH,":[81],"EC,":[82],"OC,":[83],"available":[84],"N,":[85],"P":[86,184,280],"2":[87,92,154,185,189,281,288],"O":[88,186,190,282,289],"5":[89,187,283],",":[90],"K":[91,287],"O,":[93],"S,":[94],"DTPA-extractable":[96],"Fe,":[97],"Mn,":[98],"Zn,":[99],"Cu).":[100],"After":[101],"integrity":[102],"checks":[103],"property-specific":[105],"transformations,":[106],"each":[107],"attributes":[108,135],"dependence":[110,139],"was":[111,158],"modeled":[112],"via":[113],"semivariograms":[114],"mapped":[116],"by":[117,124],"ordinary":[118],"kriging,":[119],"standardized":[120],"variables":[121],"reduced":[123],"PCA":[125,205],"clustered":[127],"using":[128],"fuzzy":[129],"C-means":[130],"multi-index":[132],"validation.":[133],"All":[134],"showed":[136],"strong":[137],"(nugget":[140],"sill":[142],"<":[143,234],"25%),":[144],"effective":[146],"ranges":[147],"of":[148,155],"24.99\u201341.22":[149],"m":[150],"cross-validation":[152],"R":[153],"0.67\u20130.87.":[156],"Variability":[157],"low":[159],"pH":[161],"(CV":[162,170],"3.55%)":[163],"but":[164],"high":[165],"S":[167],"micronutrients":[169],"34.17\u201348.78%).":[171],"Correlations":[172],"revealed":[173],"dominant":[175],"positive":[176],"network":[178],"(e.g.,":[179,199],"N\u2013S":[180],"r":[181,191,201],"=":[182,192,202],"0.96;":[183],"\u2013K":[188],"0.93),":[193],"while":[194,334],"Zn":[195,217,247],"opposed":[196],"this":[197],"gradient":[198],"Zn\u2013pH":[200],"\u2212":[203],"0.81).":[204],"retained":[206],"two":[207],"components":[208],"explaining":[209],"90.2%":[210],"variance":[211],"(PC1":[212],"86.9%),":[213],"preserving":[214],"antagonistic":[216],"signal.":[218],"Validity":[219],"indices":[220],"supported":[221],"three":[222],"contiguous":[223],"MZs":[224],"significant":[226],"interzone":[227],"differences":[228],"all":[230],"(":[232],"p":[233],"0.05)":[235],"within-zone":[237],"CV":[238],"reductions":[239],"up":[240],"35.30%":[242],"(pH)":[243],"28.87%":[245],"(Zn),":[246],"decreased":[248],"from":[249,256],"4.7":[250],"2.9":[252],"mg":[253],"kg":[254,276],"\u22121":[255,278,312],"MZ-1":[257],"MZ-3":[259],"despite":[260],"higher":[261],"macronutrients":[262],"MZ-3.":[264],"Zone":[265],"prescriptions":[266],"rebalanced":[267],"fertilization":[268],"versus":[269],"farmer":[270],"practice":[271],"(N":[272],"249\u2013251":[273],"vs":[274,285,291,297],"175":[275],"ha":[277,311],";":[279,313],"44\u201345":[284],"60;":[286],"78\u201382":[290],"40),":[292],"increasing":[293],"yields":[294],"70.42\u201374.14":[296],"68.29":[298],"q":[299],"ha\u207b":[300],"1":[301],"improving":[303],"most":[305],"MZ-2":[307],"(net":[308],"return":[309],"\u20b985,921":[310],"B:C":[314],"2.58).":[315],"The":[316],"results":[317],"show":[318],"an":[320],"integrated":[321],"geostatistical\u2014PCA\u2014fuzzy":[322],"zoning":[323],"framework":[324],"translate":[326],"multivariate":[327],"gradients":[329],"actionable":[331],"decisions,":[333],"highlighting":[335],"enriched":[337],"may":[339],"still":[340],"require":[341],"micronutrient-specific":[342],"diagnosis":[343],"(Zn)":[344],"response":[346],"validation":[347],"through":[348],"replicated":[349],"trials.":[350]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
