{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225798955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","title":"Empowering Surgical Embodied Intelligence: A Blockchain-based Federated Learning Framework for Collaborative Video Analysis","display_name":"Empowering Surgical Embodied Intelligence: A Blockchain-based Federated Learning Framework for Collaborative Video Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225798955","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069405687","display_name":"Pengpeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7563-601X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7563-601X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengpeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040437528","display_name":"Xiangbo Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-4663","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-4663"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangbo Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049444898","display_name":"Chun-Mei Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3025-8964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3025-8964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Mei Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College Dublin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College Dublin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641450","display_name":"Yifei Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-446X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-446X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83519826","display_name":"Nanjing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gcgy73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021221440","display_name":"X.-J. Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-3574","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-3574"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161443283","display_name":"Jinhui Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167027274","display_name":"Nanjing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/03m96p165","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinhui Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Forestry University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Forestry University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167027274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.44780001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.43779999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138020889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2349659","display_name":"Collaborative learning","level":2,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13606891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623243","display_name":"Conceptual model","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11331331/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Automated":[1],"surgical":[2,11,68,125,180,191],"video":[3,69,126],"analysis":[4,127],"serves":[5],"as":[6],"the":[7,83,184],"critical":[8],"foundation":[9],"for":[10,64,85,166,188],"embodied":[12,181],"intelligence.":[13],"However,":[14],"privacy":[15,42],"regulations":[16],"and":[17,44,66,76,96,104,133,158],"data-sharing":[18],"restrictions":[19],"pose":[20],"significant":[21],"challenges":[22],"to":[23,41,48,100,113,123],"its":[24,49],"collaborative":[25,67,80,167],"development":[26],"in":[27,153],"computer-assisted":[28],"surgery.":[29],"While":[30],"federated":[31,60,150],"learning":[32,61,151],"(FL)":[33],"offers":[34],"a":[35,52,58,86,106,163],"decentralized":[36,74],"approach,":[37],"it":[38],"remains":[39],"vulnerable":[40],"breaches":[43],"single-point":[45],"failures":[46],"due":[47],"reliance":[50],"on":[51],"central":[53,87],"server.":[54],"Here,":[55],"we":[56],"propose":[57],"blockchain-based":[59],"(BFL)":[62],"framework":[63,90,171],"secure":[65,173],"analysis.":[70],"BFL":[71,122,147],"integrates":[72],"blockchain\u2019s":[73],"consensus":[75],"encryption":[77,95],"mechanisms":[78],"with":[79,117,183],"learning,":[81],"eliminating":[82],"need":[84],"coordinator.":[88],"The":[89],"employs":[91],"cross-validation":[92],"guided":[93],"parameter":[94],"dynamic":[97],"weight":[98],"aggregation":[99],"safeguard":[101],"data":[102,137,174],"privacy,":[103],"adopts":[105],"hybrid":[107],"model":[108,165],"architecture":[109],"''shared":[110],"+":[111],"private''":[112],"balance":[114],"global":[115],"generalization":[116],"local":[118],"personalization.":[119],"We":[120],"apply":[121],"distributed":[124],"environments":[128],"involving":[129],"both":[130,156],"medical":[131,141,168,177],"center":[132],"perspective":[134],"heterogeneity,":[135],"using":[136],"collected":[138],"from":[139],"multiple":[140],"centers.":[142],"Experimental":[143],"results":[144],"show":[145],"that":[146],"outperforms":[148],"traditional":[149],"methods":[152],"terms":[154],"of":[155],"accuracy":[157],"robustness.":[159],"Overall,":[160],"by":[161],"establishing":[162],"trustworthy":[164],"AI,":[169],"our":[170],"facilitates":[172],"sharing":[175],"across":[176],"centers,":[178],"empowering":[179],"intelligence":[182],"visual":[185],"perception":[186],"essential":[187],"future":[189],"autonomous":[190],"assistance.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}