{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225798451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65553/als.260116","title":"Measuring Autonomous and Efficacious GenAI Use and GenAI Reliance in EFL Learning: Initial Scale Development and Validation","display_name":"Measuring Autonomous and Efficacious GenAI Use and GenAI Reliance in EFL Learning: Initial Scale Development and Validation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225798451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65553/als.260116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.65553/als.260116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65553/als.260116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65553/als.260116","pdf_url":"https://journal.glodal.org/index.php/als/article/download/34/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407056558","display_name":"Applied Language Sciences","issn_l":"2979-0557","issn":["2979-0557"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Language Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journal.glodal.org/index.php/als/article/download/34/75","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159498135","display_name":"Olga Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63216439","display_name":"Toyama Prefectural University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xgh2v50","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63216439"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olga Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toyama Prefectural University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0830-0667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toyama Prefectural University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63216439"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027418935","display_name":"Atsushi Mizumoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-4052","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-4052"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56624758","display_name":"Kansai University","ror":"https://ror.org/03xg1f311","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56624758"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atsushi Mizumoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansai University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6588-4052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansai University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56624758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.5551999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.5551999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.3386000096797943,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.044199999421834946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.7764000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6873000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165957694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421350","display_name":"Exploratory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5515999794006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5444999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.5171999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779978724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436482","display_name":"Worry","level":3,"score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49453240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1592163","display_name":"Construct validity","level":3,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1669245","display_name":"Item analysis","level":3,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32359999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19875794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207340","display_name":"Item response theory","level":3,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10879293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726474","display_name":"Factor analysis","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121244757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783487","display_name":"Convergent validity","level":4,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119002697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3376999","display_name":"LISREL","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110131835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153659","display_name":"Self-efficacy","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20685875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239678","display_name":"Predictive validity","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.65553/als.260116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65553/als.260116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65553/als.260116","pdf_url":"https://journal.glodal.org/index.php/als/article/download/34/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407056558","display_name":"Applied Language Sciences","issn_l":"2979-0557","issn":["2979-0557"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Language Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:dd55beb0-90b1-46fc-8342-9e55e1a5bdc0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/5n76p","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401127","display_name":"OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Project"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.65553/als.260116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.65553/als.260116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.65553/als.260116","pdf_url":"https://journal.glodal.org/index.php/als/article/download/34/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407056558","display_name":"Applied Language Sciences","issn_l":"2979-0557","issn":["2979-0557"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Language Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225798451.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225798451.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105846236","https://openalex.org/W2519734092","https://openalex.org/W3156100372","https://openalex.org/W4392157497","https://openalex.org/W4399054209","https://openalex.org/W4399992487","https://openalex.org/W4400137179","https://openalex.org/W4400742516","https://openalex.org/W4401461250","https://openalex.org/W4401785107","https://openalex.org/W4403773662","https://openalex.org/W4404869554","https://openalex.org/W4406026056","https://openalex.org/W4407823692","https://openalex.org/W4409411453","https://openalex.org/W4411209761","https://openalex.org/W4413095330","https://openalex.org/W4413184040","https://openalex.org/W4414080577","https://openalex.org/W4414571709","https://openalex.org/W4415145412","https://openalex.org/W4415613619","https://openalex.org/W4416302601","https://openalex.org/W4416450373","https://openalex.org/W4416789905","https://openalex.org/W7163645952"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"developed":[2],"and":[3,13,54,73,79,102,131,148,158,162,167,174,199,203,217],"examined":[4],"initial":[5,67,111],"validity":[6],"evidence":[7,196],"for":[8,156,164],"a":[9,24,123],"scale":[10],"assessing":[11],"autonomous":[12],"reliant":[14],"use":[15],"of":[16,65,85],"generative":[17],"artificial":[18],"intelligence":[19],"(GenAI)":[20],"in":[21,34],"English":[22,36],"as":[23,105],"foreign":[25],"language":[26],"(EFL)":[27],"learning.":[28],"Participants":[29],"were":[30,154],"416":[31],"students":[32],"enrolled":[33],"required":[35],"courses":[37],"at":[38],"one":[39],"Japanese":[40],"university.":[41],"The":[42,110,183],"sample":[43,50,58],"was":[44,103,172,186],"randomly":[45],"divided":[46],"into":[47],"an":[48,55,106],"exploratory":[49,107],"(n":[51,59],"=":[52,60,138,142,146,150,177],"205)":[53],"independent":[56],"confirmatory":[57,112],"211).":[61],"Exploratory":[62],"factor":[63,101,113,170],"analysis":[64,114],"10":[66],"items":[68,88,129],"supported":[69],"two":[70,127],"factors:":[71],"Autonomous":[72,157,198],"Efficacious":[74,159,200],"GenAI":[75,80,160,165,201,204],"Use":[76,161,202],"(six":[77],"items)":[78],"Reliance":[81,205],"(three":[82],"items).":[83],"One":[84],"the":[86,168],"ten":[87],"(REL4),":[89],"which":[90],"concerned":[91],"worry":[92],"about":[93],"reliance,":[94],"did":[95],"not":[96],"load":[97],"meaningfully":[98],"on":[99],"either":[100],"treated":[104],"single":[108],"item.":[109],"showed":[115,133],"mixed":[116],"fit.":[117],"A":[118],"post":[119],"hoc":[120],"model":[121],"allowing":[122],"residual":[124],"covariance":[125],"between":[126],"autonomy":[128],"(AU1":[130],"AU2)":[132],"improved":[134],"fit":[135],"(robust":[136],"CFI":[137],".959,":[139],"robust":[140,144],"TLI":[141],".940,":[143],"RMSEA":[145],".073,":[147],"SRMR":[149],".060).":[151],"Internal-consistency":[152],"coefficients":[153],".86":[155],".70":[163],"Reliance,":[166],"latent":[169],"correlation":[171],"small":[173],"nonsignificant":[175],"(r":[176],".11,":[178],"95%":[179,188],"CI":[180,189],"[\u2212.07,":[181],".30]).":[182],"heterotrait-monotrait":[184],"ratio":[185],".175,":[187],"[.132,":[190],".343].":[191],"These":[192],"findings":[193],"provide":[194],"preliminary":[195],"that":[197],"may":[206],"represent":[207],"distinct":[208],"dimensions.":[209],"Further":[210],"validation":[211],"with":[212],"new,":[213],"more":[214],"diverse":[215],"samples":[216],"external":[218],"criteria":[219],"is":[220],"required.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
