{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225796001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425","title":"Passenger Cognitive Discomfort under Proxemic and Kinematic Factors during Expressway Overtaking Scenarios: A Field Study","display_name":"Passenger Cognitive Discomfort under Proxemic and Kinematic Factors during Expressway Overtaking Scenarios: A Field Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225796001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981261500425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058784663","display_name":"Mohan Kumar Somavarapu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-8674","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-8674"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802772015","display_name":"IITB-Monash Research Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02r3nf527","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531","https://openalex.org/I2802772015","https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU","IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohan Kumar Somavarapu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","IITB Monash Research Academy, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3481-8674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IITB Monash Research Academy, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531","https://openalex.org/I2802772015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026889574","display_name":"Avijit Maji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6460-4805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6460-4805"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avijit Maji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6460-4805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101854872","display_name":"Nan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7980-3417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7980-3417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058784663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531","https://openalex.org/I2802772015","https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.7085000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.7085000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.26510000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.009999999776482582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778448659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931051","display_name":"Overtaking","level":2,"score":0.8302000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170334801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171755","display_name":"Proxemics","level":2,"score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.6395000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5067999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65155139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380912","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981261500425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/03611981261500425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981261500425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145575934","display_name":"Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board","issn_l":"0361-1981","issn":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004337793","https://openalex.org/W2005405247","https://openalex.org/W2098605213","https://openalex.org/W2133540956","https://openalex.org/W2153476503","https://openalex.org/W2154818511","https://openalex.org/W2327678559","https://openalex.org/W2563505101","https://openalex.org/W2786195436","https://openalex.org/W2791728484","https://openalex.org/W2801497293","https://openalex.org/W2884943834","https://openalex.org/W2889984609","https://openalex.org/W2904183537","https://openalex.org/W2906531535","https://openalex.org/W2939334764","https://openalex.org/W2957995086","https://openalex.org/W2967564727","https://openalex.org/W2970357467","https://openalex.org/W3029812539","https://openalex.org/W3089709504","https://openalex.org/W3095179940","https://openalex.org/W3121623025","https://openalex.org/W3195140620","https://openalex.org/W3197818367","https://openalex.org/W4214549156","https://openalex.org/W4283578229","https://openalex.org/W4285027812","https://openalex.org/W4286321793","https://openalex.org/W4308080234","https://openalex.org/W4309710752","https://openalex.org/W4312170077","https://openalex.org/W4362721701","https://openalex.org/W4367673406","https://openalex.org/W4380142273","https://openalex.org/W4381163605","https://openalex.org/W4382011909","https://openalex.org/W4385198869","https://openalex.org/W4386011401","https://openalex.org/W4392640078","https://openalex.org/W4393164363","https://openalex.org/W4402918128","https://openalex.org/W4403649261","https://openalex.org/W4414044849","https://openalex.org/W4414044882","https://openalex.org/W4414812255","https://openalex.org/W4415068852"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Passenger":[0],"cognitive":[1],"comfort,":[2],"a":[3,37,129],"low-stress":[4],"psychological":[5],"state":[6],"driven":[7],"by":[8],"perceived":[9,250],"safety":[10,251],"during":[11],"vehicle":[12,28,35,212],"motion,":[13],"has":[14],"received":[15],"limited":[16],"real-world":[17],"quantification,":[18],"particularly":[19],"for":[20,200,229],"proxemic":[21,59],"factors":[22],"that":[23],"are":[24],"central":[25],"to":[26,145,162],"autonomous":[27],"(AV)":[29],"behavior":[30],"design.":[31],"Using":[32],"an":[33],"instrumented":[34],"on":[36],"six-lane":[38],"Indian":[39],"expressway,":[40],"this":[41],"study":[42],"analyzed":[43],"5,705":[44],"overtaking":[45],"and":[46,60,73,82,91,142,158,220,242,252],"being-overtaken":[47],"events":[48],"from":[49],"50":[50],"participants,":[51],"combining":[52],"immediate":[53],"7-point":[54],"discomfort":[55,77,90,139,154,160,173],"ratings":[56],"with":[57,95,128,170],"synchronized":[58],"kinematic":[61],"measurements.":[62],"Ratings":[63],"were":[64],"categorized":[65],"into":[66],"low":[67,159,219],"(LD:":[68],"1\u20132),":[69],"moderate":[70,221],"(MD:":[71],"3\u20134),":[72],"high":[74,138,153,197],"(HD:":[75],"5\u20137)":[76],"using":[78],"Rasch-based":[79],"grouping.":[80],"Cross-tabulation":[81],"Pearson":[83],"chi-square":[84,104],"tests":[85],"confirmed":[86],"significant":[87],"associations":[88],"between":[89],"all":[92],"examined":[93],"factors,":[94],"lateral":[96,246],"clearance":[97,177,236],"(LC)":[98],"showing":[99],"the":[100,117,180,194,214],"strongest":[101],"effect.":[102],"A":[103],"automatic":[105],"interaction":[106],"detection":[107],"decision":[108],"tree":[109],"(10-fold":[110],"cross-validated;":[111],"80.7%":[112],"classification)":[113],"identified":[114],"LC":[115,134,149,168],"as":[116,235],"dominant":[118],"comfort":[119],"envelope":[120],"(\u03c7":[121],"2":[122],"=":[123],"876.5,":[124],"p":[125],"<":[126],"0.01)":[127],"sharp,":[130],"nonlinear":[131],"gradient.":[132],"At":[133],"\u2264":[135],"0.8":[136],"m,":[137,152],"reached":[140],"44.3%":[141],"MD+HD":[143],"rose":[144],"81.2%,":[146],"whereas":[147],"at":[148],">":[150],"3.3":[151],"was":[155],"eliminated":[156],"(0.0%)":[157],"increased":[161,193],"95.0%.":[163],"The":[164],"model":[165],"merged":[166],"adjacent":[167],"bands":[169],"statistically":[171],"similar":[172],"profiles,":[174],"yielding":[175],"interpretable":[176],"regimes.":[178],"Within":[179],"intermediate":[181],"regime":[182],"(1.3\u20132.3":[183],"m),":[184],"contextual":[185],"moderation":[186],"became":[187],"critical:":[188],"heavy":[189],"goods":[190],"vehicles":[191],"(HGV)":[192],"likelihood":[195],"of":[196],"discomfort,":[198],"especially":[199],"rear-seat":[201],"passengers":[202],"(HD":[203],"13.9%":[204],"vs.":[205],"7.3%":[206],"front;":[207],"\u223c1.9\u00d7).":[208],"For":[209],"car/light":[210],"commercial":[211],"interactions,":[213],"maneuver":[215],"type":[216],"primarily":[217],"affected":[218],"discomfort.":[222],"These":[223],"regime-based":[224],"findings":[225],"provide":[226],"actionable":[227],"rules":[228],"comfort-aware":[230],"AV":[231],"motion":[232],"planning":[233],"(such":[234],"prioritization,":[237],"HGV-aware":[238],"behavior,":[239],"occupant-sensitive":[240],"tuning)":[241],"driver":[243],"training":[244],"(e.g.,":[245],"buffer":[247],"discipline),":[248],"enhancing":[249],"acceptance.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}