{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225795707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309","title":"Using Duolingo to Support Vocabulary Learning Among Year 5 ESL Pupils in a Primary School in Kedah, Malaysia","display_name":"Using Duolingo to Support Vocabulary Learning Among Year 5 ESL Pupils in a Primary School in Kedah, Malaysia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225795707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.11113/itlj.v10.309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387290740","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal","issn_l":"2600-8572","issn":["2600-8572"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159550207","display_name":"Wan Nur Asilah Wan Jaafar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan Nur Asilah Wan Jaafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004633791","display_name":"Wee Chun Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6521-5748","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6521-5748"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wee Chun Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"398","last_page":"408"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.6679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.6679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.28610000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.02889999933540821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.8434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984601542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48842322","display_name":"Vocabulary learning","level":3,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6639000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5827999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62737587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939179","display_name":"Vocabulary development","level":3,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4043000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148324565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q784221","display_name":"Rote learning","level":4,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53173841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897444","display_name":"Action research","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10050518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975085","display_name":"Primary education","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017914614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English vocabulary","level":3,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.11113/itlj.v10.309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387290740","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal","issn_l":"2600-8572","issn":["2600-8572"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.11113/itlj.v10.309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.11113/itlj.v10.309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387290740","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal","issn_l":"2600-8572","issn":["2600-8572"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vocabulary":[0],"plays":[1],"an":[2,106],"important":[3],"role":[4],"in":[5,38,68,72,93,135,221],"helping":[6],"primary":[7,70,222],"ESL":[8,66,223],"pupils":[9,67,90,166],"understand":[10],"texts":[11],"and":[12,26,109,161,215],"express":[13],"ideas":[14],"more":[15],"confidently.":[16],"However,":[17],"traditional":[18],"vocabulary":[19,35,61,99,136,169,207,219],"instruction":[20],"often":[21],"relies":[22],"on":[23],"rote":[24],"memorisation":[25],"teacher-centred":[27],"practices,":[28],"which":[29],"may":[30,185],"limit":[31],"opportunities":[32],"for":[33],"sustained":[34],"learning,":[36],"particularly":[37,209],"multilingual":[39],"contexts":[40],"with":[41,82,126,152,217],"limited":[42],"English":[43],"exposure.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46,193],"examined":[47],"the":[48,117,139,172,174,189,195],"use":[49],"of":[50,86,198],"Duolingo":[51,96],"as":[52,202],"a":[53,69,94,104,110,203],"mobile-assisted":[54,200],"language":[55],"learning":[56,62,201],"(MALL)":[57],"tool":[58],"to":[59,206],"support":[60],"among":[63],"Year":[64,88],"5":[65,89],"school":[71],"Kedah,":[73],"Malaysia.":[74],"A":[75],"quantitative":[76],"one-group":[77],"pre-experimental":[78],"design":[79],"was":[80],"employed":[81],"one":[83],"intact":[84],"class":[85],"30":[87],"who":[91],"participated":[92],"four-week":[95],"intervention.":[97,118],"Pupils\u2019":[98],"scores":[100,137,155,170],"were":[101,120],"obtained":[102],"from":[103],"pre-test,":[105],"immediate":[107,162],"post-test,":[108],"delayed":[111,153,175],"post-test":[112,154,163],"administered":[113],"two":[114],"weeks":[115],"after":[116],"Data":[119],"analysed":[121],"using":[122],"repeated":[123],"measures":[124],"ANOVA":[125],"Greenhouse\u2013Geisser":[127],"correction.":[128],"The":[129,192],"results":[130],"revealed":[131],"statistically":[132],"significant":[133,146],"differences":[134,147],"across":[138],"three":[140],"testing":[141,150],"occasions.":[142],"Pairwise":[143],"comparisons":[144],"showed":[145],"between":[148],"all":[149],"points,":[151],"significantly":[156],"higher":[157,168],"than":[158],"both":[159],"pre-test":[160],"scores.":[164],"Although":[165],"demonstrated":[167],"following":[171],"intervention,":[173],"increase":[176],"should":[177],"be":[178],"interpreted":[179],"cautiously":[180],"because":[181],"this":[182],"atypical":[183],"pattern":[184],"reflect":[186],"influences":[187],"beyond":[188],"intervention":[190],"itself.":[191],"highlights":[194],"pedagogical":[196],"potential":[197],"gamified":[199],"supplementary":[204],"approach":[205],"instruction,":[208],"when":[210],"it":[211],"is":[212],"structured,":[213],"teacher-guided,":[214],"integrated":[216],"classroom":[218],"practice":[220],"settings.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
