{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225795599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","title":"Dynamical Evolution and the Missing Mass Problem in 44 Galactic Open Clusters: Machine Learning Membership and Maximum Likelihood Kinematics using Gaia DR3","display_name":"Dynamical Evolution and the Missing Mass Problem in 44 Galactic Open Clusters: Machine Learning Membership and Maximum Likelihood Kinematics using Gaia DR3","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225795599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100695177","display_name":"The Astronomical Journal","issn_l":"0004-6256","issn":["0004-6256","1538-3881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astronomical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042156766","display_name":"Ahmed Ahmed Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-5235","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-5235"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed I. Abdalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Saud University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-5235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Saud University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042156766"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"172","issue":"6","first_page":"310","last_page":"310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189549420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620602","display_name":"Virial theorem","level":3,"score":0.6394000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52348108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11387","display_name":"Open cluster","level":3,"score":0.6173999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.5927000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202607331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7934789","display_name":"Virial mass","level":4,"score":0.5175999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.5115000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.454800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48393594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168845","display_name":"Star cluster","level":3,"score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132552067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649112","display_name":"Galactic Center","level":3,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127529279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637450","display_name":"Velocity dispersion","level":3,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124017977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11412","display_name":"Gravitation","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127090403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1544012","display_name":"Gravitational potential","level":3,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778495469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3954343","display_name":"Mass segregation","level":4,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41074950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240105","display_name":"Radial velocity","level":3,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555520305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321","display_name":"Milky Way","level":3,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135889238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276","display_name":"Kinetic energy","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159249277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79925","display_name":"Dark matter","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98176478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6333","display_name":"Stellar dynamics","level":3,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16038011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62912","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172790937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343","display_name":"Dark energy","level":3,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167739726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6440","display_name":"Stellar kinematics","level":4,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83160514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17512228","display_name":"Galaxy groups and clusters","level":4,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100695177","display_name":"The Astronomical Journal","issn_l":"0004-6256","issn":["0004-6256","1538-3881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astronomical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aeb377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100695177","display_name":"The Astronomical Journal","issn_l":"0004-6256","issn":["0004-6256","1538-3881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311669","host_organization_name":"Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astronomical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147232447","https://openalex.org/W1841792572","https://openalex.org/W1868899133","https://openalex.org/W1973505814","https://openalex.org/W1976982710","https://openalex.org/W2005198408","https://openalex.org/W2015295900","https://openalex.org/W2020138278","https://openalex.org/W2099843519","https://openalex.org/W2111767615","https://openalex.org/W2129760210","https://openalex.org/W2134803426","https://openalex.org/W2154986370","https://openalex.org/W2291009650","https://openalex.org/W2787514657","https://openalex.org/W2798986949","https://openalex.org/W2804603778","https://openalex.org/W2807308604","https://openalex.org/W2923162568","https://openalex.org/W2950544819","https://openalex.org/W2963745067","https://openalex.org/W2991321477","https://openalex.org/W3016774325","https://openalex.org/W3112656324","https://openalex.org/W3211717342","https://openalex.org/W4281694390","https://openalex.org/W4360824640","https://openalex.org/W4386222303","https://openalex.org/W4400267253","https://openalex.org/W4401893253","https://openalex.org/W4406998438","https://openalex.org/W4416451706"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1,154],"present":[2],"a":[3,36,44,88,128,163,199],"dynamical":[4,208],"analysis":[5,161],"of":[6,15,183,193],"44":[7],"Galactic":[8,20],"open":[9],"clusters":[10,134,142,211],"to":[11],"investigate":[12],"the":[13,19,53,62,71,98,180,205],"impact":[14],"observational":[16,176],"limits":[17],"and":[18,48],"environment":[21],"on":[22],"their":[23],"virial":[24,137,147,200],"states.":[25],"Utilizing":[26],"Gaia":[27],"DR3":[28],"data,":[29],"we":[30,60,86,203],"isolate":[31],"high-purity":[32],"cluster":[33,72],"members":[34],"via":[35,109],"robust":[37],"hybrid":[38],"approach":[39],"combining":[40],"spatial-kinematic":[41],"density-based":[42],"clustering,":[43],"Gaussian":[45],"Mixture":[46],"Model,":[47],"photometric":[49,159],"filtering.":[50],"To":[51,78],"address":[52],"radial":[54],"velocity":[55,101],"incompleteness":[56],"for":[57,210],"faint":[58],"stars,":[59],"derive":[61],"intrinsic":[63,100,206],"kinetic":[64],"energy":[65,106],"using":[66,121],"high-precision":[67],"tangential":[68],"velocities":[69],"in":[70],"rest":[73],"frame,":[74],"assuming":[75],"kinematic":[76,80],"isotropy.":[77],"mitigate":[79],"inflation":[81],"driven":[82,178],"by":[83,179,214],"astrometric":[84],"noise,":[85],"employ":[87],"maximum":[89],"likelihood":[90],"estimation":[91],"technique":[92],"that":[93,171],"deconvolves":[94],"instrumental":[95,215],"uncertainties":[96],"from":[97],"true":[99],"dispersion.":[102],"The":[103],"gravitational":[104],"potential":[105],"is":[107],"computed":[108],"direct":[110],"N":[111],"-body":[112],"summation,":[113],"explicitly":[114],"projecting":[115],"stars":[116,186],"into":[117],"3D":[118],"Cartesian":[119],"coordinates":[120],"individual":[122],"stellar":[123],"parallaxes.":[124],"Our":[125],"results":[126],"reveal":[127],"stark":[129],"physical":[130],"dichotomy:":[131],"dynamically":[132],"stable":[133],"exhibit":[135],"expected":[136],"states,":[138],"whereas":[139],"heavily":[140],"truncated":[141],"display":[143],"unphysically":[144],"inflated":[145],"apparent":[146],"ratios":[148,174],"(":[149],"Q":[150],"obs":[151],"\u226b":[152],"1).":[153],"empirically":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"through":[157],"deep":[158],"completeness":[160],"across":[162],"diverse":[164],"benchmark":[165],"sample":[166],"spanning":[167],"different":[168],"evolutionary":[169],"stages":[170],"these":[172],"extreme":[173],"are":[175],"artifacts":[177],"\u201cmissing":[181],"mass\u201d":[182],"unobserved":[184],"low-mass":[185],"(e.g.,":[187],"M-dwarfs),":[188],"rather":[189],"than":[190],"genuine":[191],"signatures":[192],"rapid":[194],"tidal":[195],"disruption.":[196],"By":[197],"applying":[198],"scaling":[201],"relation,":[202],"reconstruct":[204],"total":[207],"mass":[209],"severely":[212],"affected":[213],"truncation.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}