{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225794348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643261506042","title":"Green, Blue, Brown, Gray? The Cognitive Benefits of Natural Environments Among Older Mexican Americans","display_name":"Green, Blue, Brown, Gray? The Cognitive Benefits of Natural Environments Among Older Mexican Americans","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225794348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643261506042","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43012726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/08982643261506042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643261506042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643261506042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133786690","display_name":"Journal of Aging and Health","issn_l":"0898-2643","issn":["0898-2643","1552-6887"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Aging and Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020658151","display_name":"Hala Darwish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-6466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-6466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hala Darwish","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-6466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056255547","display_name":"Kayla Tureson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2859-4045","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2859-4045"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kayla Tureson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083587216","display_name":"Emily Hokett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7171-8237","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7171-8237"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799503643","display_name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01esghr10","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Hokett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028335980","display_name":"Alexa C. Allan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7548-5100","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7548-5100"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexa C. Allan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Park"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7548-5100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Park","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064576139","display_name":"Jessica Finlay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-8003","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-8003"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Finlay","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3427-8003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003880421","display_name":"Noah J Webster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-7526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-7526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah J. Webster","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-7526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"8982643261506042","last_page":"8982643261506042"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10692","display_name":"Urban Green Space and Health","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.6956999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.635699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.4767000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137176749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4105337","display_name":"Psychological resilience","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4214000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994224047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190656","display_name":"Ethnically diverse","level":3,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780176501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5690755","display_name":"Health and Retirement Study","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6057870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141248","display_name":"Cognitive test","level":3,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019807043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581921","display_name":"Mexican americans","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778149918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3291156","display_name":"Population health","level":3,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13774568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q439112","display_name":"Population ageing","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/08982643261506042","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643261506042","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643261506042","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S133786690","display_name":"Journal of Aging and Health","issn_l":"0898-2643","issn":["0898-2643","1552-6887"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Aging and Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43012726","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43012726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of aging and health","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":110,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62728092","https://openalex.org/W211789174","https://openalex.org/W1600900075","https://openalex.org/W1723975357","https://openalex.org/W1847168837","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1964797717","https://openalex.org/W1967760291","https://openalex.org/W1997102994","https://openalex.org/W2007229495","https://openalex.org/W2023423079","https://openalex.org/W2028394357","https://openalex.org/W2060923304","https://openalex.org/W2063897989","https://openalex.org/W2073205033","https://openalex.org/W2074583690","https://openalex.org/W2087691806","https://openalex.org/W2090341912","https://openalex.org/W2092443377","https://openalex.org/W2104587533","https://openalex.org/W2112778345","https://openalex.org/W2116437452","https://openalex.org/W2120582974","https://openalex.org/W2126341929","https://openalex.org/W2150037324","https://openalex.org/W2153140199","https://openalex.org/W2169368100","https://openalex.org/W2175732942","https://openalex.org/W2221488255","https://openalex.org/W2313728042","https://openalex.org/W2336388334","https://openalex.org/W2415498434","https://openalex.org/W2598049239","https://openalex.org/W2602886720","https://openalex.org/W2611497491","https://openalex.org/W2614776043","https://openalex.org/W2616302329","https://openalex.org/W2620014102","https://openalex.org/W2766672823","https://openalex.org/W2769792117","https://openalex.org/W2770759946","https://openalex.org/W2783092264","https://openalex.org/W2790092182","https://openalex.org/W2794646462","https://openalex.org/W2803884614","https://openalex.org/W2806974828","https://openalex.org/W2883455192","https://openalex.org/W2890618388","https://openalex.org/W2899120825","https://openalex.org/W2912746916","https://openalex.org/W2917225355","https://openalex.org/W2935966178","https://openalex.org/W2944774745","https://openalex.org/W2989063618","https://openalex.org/W2993483341","https://openalex.org/W2997063797","https://openalex.org/W3001336471","https://openalex.org/W3006602738","https://openalex.org/W3015112701","https://openalex.org/W3044644502","https://openalex.org/W3046250944","https://openalex.org/W3046275966","https://openalex.org/W3093258625","https://openalex.org/W3099629912","https://openalex.org/W3112857513","https://openalex.org/W3122226502","https://openalex.org/W3124595663","https://openalex.org/W3138529023","https://openalex.org/W3157179534","https://openalex.org/W3158474553","https://openalex.org/W3158814312","https://openalex.org/W3159007308","https://openalex.org/W3159128547","https://openalex.org/W3175584866","https://openalex.org/W3184104346","https://openalex.org/W3191041946","https://openalex.org/W3194423737","https://openalex.org/W3194666234","https://openalex.org/W3207781585","https://openalex.org/W4210463195","https://openalex.org/W4210809768","https://openalex.org/W4220876389","https://openalex.org/W4220950593","https://openalex.org/W4281713027","https://openalex.org/W4282924105","https://openalex.org/W4283021977","https://openalex.org/W4283388022","https://openalex.org/W4306177210","https://openalex.org/W4306758989","https://openalex.org/W4307181477","https://openalex.org/W4309845744","https://openalex.org/W4312220013","https://openalex.org/W4315786458","https://openalex.org/W4317425410","https://openalex.org/W4323040681","https://openalex.org/W4324309277","https://openalex.org/W4367181858","https://openalex.org/W4380269253","https://openalex.org/W4384663784","https://openalex.org/W4386271283","https://openalex.org/W4387564342","https://openalex.org/W4387780587","https://openalex.org/W4388486753","https://openalex.org/W4390192246","https://openalex.org/W4400735458","https://openalex.org/W4401164724","https://openalex.org/W4403659395","https://openalex.org/W4405025802","https://openalex.org/W4407903642","https://openalex.org/W6891216750"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ObjectivesWhile":[0],"studies":[1,24],"have":[2,39],"linked":[3],"nature":[4,30],"exposure":[5],"to":[6,165,175,220],"better":[7,185],"cognitive":[8,56,173,186,204,221],"health,":[9],"little":[10],"is":[11],"known":[12],"about":[13],"the":[14,26,49,68,73,77,114,134],"specific":[15,216],"types":[16,54,171],"or":[17],"amounts":[18],"needed":[19],"for":[20,72,82,161],"health":[21,27,205],"benefits.":[22],"Many":[23],"regarding":[25],"benefits":[28],"of":[29,67,76,93,108,197],"lack":[31],"racially":[32],"and":[33,38,55,84,98,127,147,149,154,172,199],"ethnically":[34],"diverse":[35],"aging":[36],"populations":[37],"small":[40],"sample":[41,88],"sizes,":[42],"limiting":[43],"their":[44],"generalizability.":[45],"This":[46],"study":[47],"investigated":[48],"relationship":[50],"between":[51,168],"land":[52,110,169,177],"cover":[53,111,170],"function":[57,130],"in":[58,101,180,206,223],"older":[59,99,207],"Mexican":[60,94,208],"American":[61,209],"adults":[62],"from":[63],"Wave":[64],"5":[65],"(2004-2005)":[66],"Hispanic":[69],"Established":[70],"Population":[71],"Epidemiological":[74],"Study":[75],"Elderly":[78],"(EPESE)":[79],"while":[80],"controlling":[81],"individual":[83],"area-level":[85,150],"covariates.MethodsThe":[86],"analytic":[87],"includes":[89],"2,069":[90],"participants":[91],"(>98%":[92],"origin)":[95],"aged":[96],"75":[97],"residing":[100],"415":[102],"census":[103,115],"tracts.":[104],"Latent":[105],"profile":[106],"analysis":[107],"six":[109],"classifications":[112],"at":[113],"tract":[116],"level":[117],"identified":[118],"four":[119],"types:":[120],"Dense":[121],"Developed,":[122],"Gray":[123],"mix,":[124],"Open":[125],"Space/Agricultural,":[126],"Green-mix.":[128],"Cognitive":[129],"was":[131],"assessed":[132],"using":[133],"Mini-Mental":[135],"State":[136],"Examination":[137],"(MMSE).":[138],"Key":[139],"covariates":[140,162],"include":[141],"individual-level":[142],"factors":[143,151],"(e.g.,":[144],"age,":[145],"education,":[146],"gender)":[148],"(poverty,":[152],"unemployment,":[153],"home":[155],"ownership).":[156],"Linear":[157],"mixed-effect":[158],"models":[159],"adjusted":[160],"were":[163],"used":[164],"examine":[166],"associations":[167],"function.ResultsCompared":[174],"other":[176],"types,":[178],"individuals":[179],"greener":[181],"mixed":[182],"areas":[183],"had":[184],"function,":[187],"especially":[188],"among":[189],"women.DiscussionFindings":[190],"suggest":[191],"that":[192],"environments":[193],"with":[194],"a":[195],"mix":[196],"natural":[198],"built":[200],"features":[201],"may":[202],"enhance":[203],"women.":[210],"Future":[211],"research":[212],"should":[213],"explore":[214],"how":[215],"environmental":[217],"characteristics":[218],"contribute":[219],"resilience":[222],"this":[224],"population.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}