{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225793747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","title":"A Trust-Aware Hybrid Q-AHA Energy-Efficient secure Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks with a Mobile Sink Node","display_name":"A Trust-Aware Hybrid Q-AHA Energy-Efficient secure Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks with a Mobile Sink Node","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225793747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061987402","display_name":"K Keerthi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65674248","display_name":"Visvesvaraya Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ha14p11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keerthi K S","raw_affiliation_strings":["SJB Institute of Technology (SJBIT)  , affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) Belagavi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SJB Institute of Technology (SJBIT)  , affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) Belagavi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161462164","display_name":"Jagadisha N","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65674248","display_name":"Visvesvaraya Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ha14p11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jagadisha N","raw_affiliation_strings":["SJB Institute of Technology (SJBIT)  , affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) Belagavi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SJB Institute of Technology (SJBIT)  , affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU) Belagavi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.8295999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.8295999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.16349999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6758000254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6638000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6049000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5034999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7091991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149548","display_name":"Mobile wireless sensor network","level":5,"score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.44440001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.40619999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3968000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778034918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3689301","display_name":"Topology control","level":5,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143050476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194502","display_name":"Sink (geography)","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54108766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391064","display_name":"Packet loss","level":3,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111185680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206","display_name":"Sensor node","level":5,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775973920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3252726","display_name":"Selection algorithm","level":3,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776955676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371623","display_name":"Hybrid routing","level":5,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.25060001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10000559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4975143","display_name":"Brooks\u2013Iyengar algorithm","level":5,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11385271/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Mobile":[1],"Wireless":[2],"Sensor":[3],"Networks":[4],"(MWSNs)":[5],"have":[6],"important":[7],"function":[8],"in":[9,118],"dynamic":[10,103],"data":[11,50],"collecting,":[12],"but":[13],"suffer":[14],"from":[15,98],"severe":[16],"limitations,":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19,39],"limited":[20],"energy,":[21,95],"topology":[22],"instability,":[23],"and":[24,37,48,66,101,158,164,171,184,192,198,201,206,219],"susceptibility":[25],"to":[26,55,122,141,228],"malicious":[27],"routing":[28],"attacks.":[29],"Most":[30],"traditional":[31],"clustering":[32,71],"approaches":[33],"regard":[34],"energy":[35,46],"efficiency":[36],"security":[38],"independent":[40],"objectives,":[41],"which":[42],"may":[43],"cause":[44],"high":[45],"consumption":[47],"low":[49],"dependability.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"study,":[54],"overcome":[56],"these":[57],"challenges,":[58],"we":[59],"propose":[60],"a":[61,102],"Trust-Aware":[62],"Unified":[63],"Hybrid":[64],"Q-Learning":[65],"Artificial":[67,112],"Hummingbird":[68,113],"Algorithm":[69,114],"(Q-AHA)":[70],"algorithm":[72],"for":[73,226],"MWSNs":[74],"with":[75,160,166,173],"mobile":[76,120],"sink.":[77],"At":[78,107],"the":[79,86,99,108,111,119,124,129,148,152],"local":[80],"level,":[81,110],"distributed":[82],"Q-learning":[83],"agents":[84],"evaluate":[85],"quality":[87,132],"of":[88,154,181,189,195,203],"sensor":[89],"nodes":[90],"based":[91,127],"on":[92,128],"their":[93],"residual":[94],"mobility,":[96],"distance":[97],"sink,":[100],"Beta-reputation-based":[104],"trust":[105],"metric.":[106],"global":[109],"(AHA)":[115],"is":[116,139,156,224],"used":[117],"sink":[121],"optimize":[123],"CH":[125],"selection":[126],"learnt":[130],"node":[131,167],"scores.":[133],"Furthermore,":[134],"an":[135],"event-triggered":[136],"control":[137,144],"technique":[138],"proposed":[140],"avoid":[142],"superfluous":[143],"packet":[145],"broadcasts.":[146],"Under":[147],"same":[149],"simulation":[150],"environment,":[151],"performance":[153],"Q-AHA":[155,210],"tested":[157],"compared":[159],"RL-PSO,":[161],"LEACH,":[162],"LEACH-RLC":[163],"M-TAAHA":[165],"numbers":[168],"50,":[169],"100":[170],"200":[172],"10%":[174],"malicious-node":[175],"condition.":[176],"It":[177],"achieved":[178],"LND":[179],"values":[180,188],"3720,":[182],"3723,":[183],"3727":[185],"rounds,":[186],"PDR":[187],"93.55%,":[190],"94.86%,":[191],"95.44%,":[193],"throughputs":[194],"13.2045,":[196],"23.9824,":[197],"45.7374":[199],"kbps,":[200],"delays":[202],"9.55,":[204],"10.1543,":[205],"11.4244":[207],"ms,":[208],"respectively.":[209],"has":[211],"good":[212],"trade-offs":[213],"between":[214],"network":[215],"lifetime,":[216],"reliability,":[217],"throughput":[218],"delay,":[220],"showing":[221],"that":[222],"it":[223],"suitable":[225],"application":[227],"scalable,":[229],"energy-efficient":[230],"MWSNs.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}