{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225793067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102","title":"Galen First Drafts: Machine First-Draft English Translations of Thirteen Works of the Galenic Corpus, with Their Checks","display_name":"Galen First Drafts: Machine First-Draft English Translations of Thirteen Works of the Galenic Corpus, with Their Checks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225793067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24146102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143641470","display_name":"William Pepperman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pepperman, William","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5143641470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.426800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10759","display_name":"Translation Studies and Practices","score":0.426800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12377","display_name":"Digital Humanities and Scholarship","score":0.23649999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.09309999644756317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777206241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194431","display_name":"Paragraph","level":2,"score":0.843500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776213154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13370881","display_name":"Verdict","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779760435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5396169","display_name":"Minor (academic)","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64280408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42365","display_name":"Old English","level":2,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987496018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English language","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41417386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147276","display_name":"Proper noun","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776818064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829903","display_name":"Agreement","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24146102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24146103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24146102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24146102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Much":[0],"of":[1,21,24,29,54,71,79,140,186,200,204,232,235,238,245,253],"Galen's":[2,277],"surviving":[3],"writing":[4],"has":[5,299],"never":[6],"been":[7],"translated":[8],"into":[9,84],"English":[10,19,39,174,199,231],"in":[11,155,191,257],"full.":[12],"Galen":[13],"First":[14],"Drafts":[15],"publishes":[16],"machine":[17,81],"first-draft":[18],"translations":[20],"thirteen":[22],"works":[23,163,274,279],"the":[25,72,77,88,112,127,145,157,164,187,192,202,258,286,301],"Galenic":[26],"corpus":[27],"(one":[28],"them,":[30],"On":[31,201,236],"Leeches,":[32],"probably":[33],"pseudo-Galenic)":[34],"that":[35,41,131],"have":[36],"no":[37],"complete":[38],"translation":[40],"we":[42],"know":[43],"of,":[44],"from":[45,224],"K\u00fchn's":[46],"Greek":[47,146],"as":[48],"digitized":[49],"by":[50,67,147,169,206,260],"First1KGreek":[51],"(244,007":[52],"words":[53],"Greek).":[55],"Every":[56],"passage":[57],"is":[58],"shown":[59,291],"beside":[60],"its":[61,119,268],"Greek,":[62,85],"with":[63,100,171,196,227],"two":[64,68,89,162],"independent":[65],"renderings":[66,90],"language":[69],"models":[70],"same":[73],"developer":[74],"(Anthropic)":[75],"and":[76,94,103,122,135,210,216,218,243,273,275,285,307,316],"outcome":[78],"three":[80],"checks:":[82],"back-translation":[83],"agreement":[86,195],"between":[87],"on":[91,212,220,270,276],"technical":[92],"terms,":[93],"a":[95,138,172,176,251],"dictionary-anchored":[96],"model":[97,148,261,264],"judge":[98],"salted":[99],"planted":[101],"errors":[102],"controls.":[104],"The":[105],"thresholds":[106],"were":[107,115,166],"fixed":[108],"before":[109],"each":[110],"run;":[111],"judge's":[113],"controls":[114],"rebuilt":[116],"twice":[117],"after":[118],"gate":[120],"failed,":[121],"every":[123],"verdict":[124],"reported":[125],"uses":[126],"last":[128],"version.":[129],"Passages":[130],"fail":[132],"are":[133,304],"marked":[134],"kept.":[136],"In":[137],"reading":[139,306],"39":[141],"random":[142],"passages":[143,156,215,223],"against":[144,280],"readers,":[149],"4":[150],"had":[151,159],"minor":[152],"slips,":[153],"all":[154],"checks":[158],"passed.":[160],"For":[161],"drafts":[165,259],"compared,":[167],"term":[168],"term,":[170],"scholar's":[173,193],"under":[175],"lenient":[177],"rule":[178],"(a":[179],"target":[180],"agrees":[181],"if":[182],"any":[183],"content":[184],"word":[185],"rendering":[188],"occurs":[189],"anywhere":[190],"passage):":[194],"Manuela":[197],"Marai's":[198],"Composition":[203],"Drugs":[205],"Kind":[207],"was":[208,241,290],"63.5%":[209],"66.4%":[211],"ten":[213],"calibration":[214],"60.9%":[217],"62.3%":[219],"40":[221],"further":[222],"her":[225],"thesis;":[226],"A.":[228,229],"Long's":[230],"one":[233],"paragraph":[234],"Difficulty":[237],"Breathing":[239],"it":[240],"2":[242],"3":[244],"14":[246],"terms.":[247],"We":[248],"also":[249],"describe":[250],"catalogue":[252],"678":[254],"items":[255,269],"noted":[256],"readers.":[262],"Two":[263],"research":[265],"agents":[266],"checked":[267],"lost":[271],"authors":[272],"own":[278],"Fichtner's":[281],"Corpus":[282],"Galenicum":[283],"(2023)":[284],"fragment":[287],"collections;":[288],"none":[289],"to":[292,295],"be":[293],"unknown":[294],"scholarship.":[296],"No":[297],"scholar":[298],"read":[300],"drafts.":[302],"They":[303],"for":[305,308,311],"correction,":[309],"not":[310],"quotation.":[312],"Site:":[313],"montblanctech.github.io/Galen/first-drafts/.":[314],"Data":[315],"code:":[317],"github.com/Montblanctech/Galen":[318],"(concept":[319],"DOI":[320],"10.5281/zenodo.21561962).":[321]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
