{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225792764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2026024","title":"Machine Learning-Based Classification of Microplastics Using Spectral Data for Environmental Monitoring","display_name":"Machine Learning-Based Classification of Microplastics Using Spectral Data for Environmental Monitoring","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225792764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2026024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5620/eaht.2026024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2026024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2026024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215538","display_name":"Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology","issn_l":"2671-9525","issn":["2671-9525"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320326","host_organization_name":"Korean Society of Environmental Helath and Toxicology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Society of Environmental Helath and Toxicology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065576990","display_name":"Battulga Ulziisaikhan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Battulga Ulziisaikhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6756-6345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161471860","display_name":"Sunyong Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunyong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106489917","display_name":"Kyung-hoon Beak","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyunghoon Beak","raw_affiliation_strings":["MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161479429","display_name":"Sujeong Jeon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujeong Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101859889","display_name":"Joonseok Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-8086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0786-8086"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joonseok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0689-8500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MachTech Co., Ltd., Gwangju 61008, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"4","first_page":"e2026024","last_page":"e2026024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10753","display_name":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10753","display_name":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780401329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839919","display_name":"Microplastics","level":2,"score":0.917900025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7735000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6244999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5292999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5177000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777973245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146174","display_name":"Polypropylene","level":2,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776866176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146368","display_name":"Polyvinyl chloride","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777922577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146243","display_name":"Polystyrene","level":3,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985906921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Spectral properties","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176641082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2446767","display_name":"Spectral signature","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994048982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768467","display_name":"Fluorescence spectrometry","level":3,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539469273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749732","display_name":"Environmental monitoring","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780017307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145863","display_name":"Polyethylene terephthalate","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158711907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1768467","display_name":"Fluorescence spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q143429","display_name":"Polyethylene","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91881484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807","display_name":"Fluorescence","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5620/eaht.2026024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2026024","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2026024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210215538","display_name":"Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology","issn_l":"2671-9525","issn":["2671-9525"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320326","host_organization_name":"Korean Society of Environmental Helath and Toxicology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Korean Society of Environmental Helath and Toxicology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"classification":[1,16,159],"of":[2,17,82,99,157],"microplastic":[3,20,178],"particles":[4],"is":[5,180],"important":[6],"for":[7,131,138],"developing":[8],"automated":[9],"analytical":[10],"methods.":[11],"This":[12],"study":[13],"investigates":[14],"machine-learning-based":[15,158],"five":[18],"standard":[19],"polymers\u2014polyethylene":[21],"(PE),":[22],"polyethylene":[23],"terephthalate":[24],"(PET),":[25],"polypropylene":[26],"(PP),":[27],"polystyrene":[28],"(PS),":[29],"and":[30,50,64,77,95,101,175],"polyvinyl":[31],"chloride":[32],"(PVC)\u2014using":[33],"experimentally":[34,161],"acquired":[35,162],"laser-induced":[36],"fluorescence":[37,58],"(LIF)":[38],"spectra.":[39,59],"A":[40],"measurement":[41],"system":[42],"combining":[43],"266":[44],"nm":[45,84],"laser":[46],"excitation,":[47],"hydrodynamic":[48],"focusing,":[49],"spectroscopic":[51],"detection":[52],"was":[53,118],"used":[54],"to":[55,121,136,182],"collect":[56],"1,300":[57],"Support":[60],"Vector":[61],"Machine":[62],"(SVM)":[63],"Random":[65],"Forest":[66],"(RF)":[67],"classifiers":[68,105],"were":[69],"evaluated":[70],"using":[71,109,160,172],"full-spectrum":[72],"data":[73],"containing":[74,85],"2,047":[75],"features":[76],"a":[78],"restricted":[79,111],"wavelength":[80],"interval":[81],"275\u2013600":[83],"553":[86],"features.":[87],"In":[88],"the":[89,110,142,155],"stratified":[90],"80:20":[91],"hold-out":[92],"evaluation,":[93],"SVM":[94,132],"RF":[96],"achieved":[97],"accuracies":[98,127],"98.46%":[100],"98.08%,":[102],"respectively.":[103],"Both":[104],"maintained":[106],"98.08%":[107],"accuracy":[108,146],"spectral":[112],"interval.":[113],"Seven-fold":[114],"Leave-One-Day-Out":[115],"(LODO)":[116],"cross-validation":[117],"additionally":[119],"performed":[120],"assess":[122],"acquisition-day":[123],"variability.":[124],"The":[125],"LODO":[126],"ranged":[128],"from":[129],"96.46%":[130],"without":[133],"L2":[134],"normalization":[135],"99.08%":[137],"L2-normalized":[139],"RF,":[140],"with":[141],"latter":[143],"achieving":[144],"95.00%":[145],"on":[147],"its":[148],"weakest":[149],"acquisition":[150],"day.":[151],"These":[152],"findings":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"feasibility":[156],"LIF":[163],"spectra":[164],"under":[165],"controlled":[166],"laboratory":[167],"conditions.":[168],"However,":[169],"further":[170],"validation":[171],"independently":[173],"sourced":[174],"environmentally":[176],"representative":[177],"samples":[179],"necessary":[181],"establish":[183],"broader":[184],"applicability.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
