{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225792056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","title":"Estimating groundwater levels and their associated uncertainty through spatiotemporal kriging of groundwater-level data","display_name":"Estimating groundwater levels and their associated uncertainty through spatiotemporal kriging of groundwater-level data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225792056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163378907","display_name":"Hydrogeology Journal","issn_l":"1431-2174","issn":["1431-2174","1435-0157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hydrogeology Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073790811","display_name":"Fahad Ejaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8993-0815","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8993-0815"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fahad Ejaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Stochastic Simulation and Safety Research for Hydrosystems (IWS/LS3), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8993-0815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Stochastic Simulation and Safety Research for Hydrosystems (IWS/LS3), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161471832","display_name":"Nils Widt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils Widt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Stochastic Simulation and Safety Research for Hydrosystems (IWS/LS3), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Stochastic Simulation and Safety Research for Hydrosystems (IWS/LS3), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079024483","display_name":"Thomas W\u00f6hling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2963-0965","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2963-0965"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114520","display_name":"Lincoln Agritech (New Zealand)","ror":"https://ror.org/01qb09m39","country_code":"NZ","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184746854","https://openalex.org/I4210114520"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE","NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas W\u00f6hling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Chair of Hydrology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany","Lincoln Agritech Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Chair of Hydrology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lincoln Agritech Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114520"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091354130","display_name":"Wolfgang Nowak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-8865","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2583-8865"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100066346","display_name":"University of Stuttgart","ror":"https://ror.org/04vnq7t77","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wolfgang Nowak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Stochastic Simulation and Safety Research for Hydrosystems (IWS/LS3), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Stochastic Simulation and Safety Research for Hydrosystems (IWS/LS3), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 5a, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073790811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100066346"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.6309000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10894","display_name":"Groundwater flow and contamination studies","score":0.6309000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.17270000278949738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12773","display_name":"Water Quality and Resources Studies","score":0.0560000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.9164999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33556824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179509","display_name":"Hydrogeology","level":2,"score":0.8438000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.6682999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.6017000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125572338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440020","display_name":"Geostatistics","level":3,"score":0.5564000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76856003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30036","display_name":"Baseflow","level":4,"score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131227075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611028","display_name":"Groundwater flow","level":4,"score":0.4300999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176650113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370689","display_name":"Groundwater model","level":5,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3797999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780103101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23579048","display_name":"Aquifer properties","level":5,"score":0.35280001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126197015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586683","display_name":"Hydrological modelling","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150060386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574054","display_name":"Spatial correlation","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53739315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29425295","display_name":"Streamflow","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163378907","display_name":"Hydrogeology Journal","issn_l":"1431-2174","issn":["1431-2174","1435-0157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hydrogeology Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10040-026-03193-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S163378907","display_name":"Hydrogeology Journal","issn_l":"1431-2174","issn":["1431-2174","1435-0157"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hydrogeology Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225792056.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225792056.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W299010663","https://openalex.org/W1430082438","https://openalex.org/W1512740276","https://openalex.org/W1531958500","https://openalex.org/W1542622005","https://openalex.org/W1574940769","https://openalex.org/W1885871731","https://openalex.org/W1919967572","https://openalex.org/W1936477987","https://openalex.org/W1966638716","https://openalex.org/W1968536628","https://openalex.org/W1971931737","https://openalex.org/W1973985853","https://openalex.org/W1984028041","https://openalex.org/W1994102772","https://openalex.org/W1995695349","https://openalex.org/W1995819826","https://openalex.org/W2000628210","https://openalex.org/W2006681603","https://openalex.org/W2019797282","https://openalex.org/W2025771895","https://openalex.org/W2029678803","https://openalex.org/W2031172850","https://openalex.org/W2031914495","https://openalex.org/W2033904036","https://openalex.org/W2045600648","https://openalex.org/W2049797651","https://openalex.org/W2069626069","https://openalex.org/W2073867489","https://openalex.org/W2074051948","https://openalex.org/W2084501074","https://openalex.org/W2091396986","https://openalex.org/W2091899840","https://openalex.org/W2094236209","https://openalex.org/W2101687185","https://openalex.org/W2102596750","https://openalex.org/W2108538782","https://openalex.org/W2127178605","https://openalex.org/W2131934095","https://openalex.org/W2134091810","https://openalex.org/W2145642046","https://openalex.org/W2146798857","https://openalex.org/W2148534890","https://openalex.org/W2152312062","https://openalex.org/W2152600538","https://openalex.org/W2159935089","https://openalex.org/W2164575016","https://openalex.org/W2303468042","https://openalex.org/W2496675188","https://openalex.org/W2546702515","https://openalex.org/W2606716674","https://openalex.org/W2747169608","https://openalex.org/W2776095768","https://openalex.org/W2791687287","https://openalex.org/W2909961379","https://openalex.org/W2911686105","https://openalex.org/W2915613474","https://openalex.org/W2966722893","https://openalex.org/W2972854895","https://openalex.org/W2985715496","https://openalex.org/W3045538563","https://openalex.org/W3045882797","https://openalex.org/W3116488333","https://openalex.org/W3136020406","https://openalex.org/W3163993681","https://openalex.org/W3195942095","https://openalex.org/W4206526650","https://openalex.org/W4213240928","https://openalex.org/W4240978670","https://openalex.org/W4254280877","https://openalex.org/W4303986765","https://openalex.org/W4366425342","https://openalex.org/W4386051809","https://openalex.org/W4386167362","https://openalex.org/W4386375199","https://openalex.org/W4387618887","https://openalex.org/W4388284198","https://openalex.org/W4393279242","https://openalex.org/W4403010173","https://openalex.org/W4409622835","https://openalex.org/W4413075498","https://openalex.org/W4414522152","https://openalex.org/W4415643788","https://openalex.org/W6929334658"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Sustainable":[1],"groundwater":[2,11,34,40,174],"management":[3],"requires,":[4],"among":[5],"other":[6],"factors,":[7],"reliable":[8],"monitoring":[9,35],"of":[10,113,119,204,217],"levels":[12],"(GWLs)":[13],"and":[14,55,70,92,109,136,144],"their":[15],"spatiotemporal":[16,52,60,90,161],"evolution":[17],"in":[18,81,131],"an":[19],"aquifer":[20],"with":[21,39,66,167],"meaningfully":[22],"quantified":[23],"uncertainty.":[24],"Geostatistical":[25],"methods":[26],"can":[27,164],"estimate":[28,188],"GWL":[29,53,84,162,190],"surfaces":[30],"directly":[31],"from":[32,171],"available":[33],"data.":[36,48],"This":[37,49],"contrasts":[38],"flow":[41,175],"modeling,":[42],"which":[43,62],"requires":[44],"much":[45],"more":[46],"detailed":[47],"study":[50],"estimates":[51,163],"maps":[54],"quantifies":[56],"associated":[57],"uncertainties":[58],"by":[59,96],"kriging,":[61],"combines":[63],"spatial":[64],"interpolation":[65],"temporal":[67],"gap":[68],"filling":[69],"noise":[71],"filtering.":[72],"The":[73,148,177],"central":[74],"hypothesis":[75],"is":[76,129,150,183,196,207,220],"that":[77,180,199,212],"including":[78],"hydrogeological":[79,194],"information":[80,94,195],"kriging":[82,128,182,206],"improves":[83],"predictions.":[85],"To":[86,115],"test":[87,116],"this":[88],"hypothesis,":[89],"trends":[91],"soft":[93],"inspired":[95],"hydrological":[97],"understanding":[98],"are":[99],"included.":[100],"These":[101],"include":[102],"digital":[103],"elevation":[104],"models,":[105],"river":[106],"exchange":[107],"components,":[108],"the":[110,117,153,160,200,209],"confinement":[111],"status":[112],"aquifers.":[114],"necessity":[118],"full":[120],"statistical":[121],"involvement":[122],"through":[123],"Bayesian":[124,134,202],"hyperparameter":[125],"inference,":[126],"universal":[127,205],"operated":[130],"a":[132,172,184,213],"fully":[133,201],"framework":[135],"then":[137],"compared":[138,166],"to":[139,187,222],"simpler":[140],"approaches":[141],"like":[142],"non-Bayesian":[143],"residual":[145],"space\u2013time":[146,181],"kriging.":[147],"approach":[149],"demonstrated":[151],"for":[152],"Wairau":[154],"Plain":[155],"aquifer,":[156],"New":[157],"Zealand,":[158],"where":[159,192],"be":[165],"transient":[168,189],"simulation":[169],"results":[170,178],"numerical":[173],"model.":[176],"indicate":[179],"valuable":[185],"tool":[186],"maps,":[191],"auxiliary":[193],"highly":[197],"useful,":[198],"treatment":[203],"worth":[208],"effort,":[210],"but":[211],"posterior":[214],"(Bayesian)":[215],"uncertainty":[216],"geostatistical":[218],"hyperparameters":[219],"close":[221],"irrelevant.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
