{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225791932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","title":"From the sky to the deep sea: ecosystem structure and ecological integrity across the National Marine Sanctuaries of Bikar and Bokak, Marshall Islands","display_name":"From the sky to the deep sea: ecosystem structure and ecological integrity across the National Marine Sanctuaries of Bikar and Bokak, Marshall Islands","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225791932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596539584","display_name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","issn_l":"2296-7745","issn":["2296-7745"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091342433","display_name":"Alan M. Friedlander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4858-006X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4858-006X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331384533","display_name":"University of Hawaii System","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzaeb71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135564","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273082","display_name":"Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology","ror":"https://ror.org/058d4r062","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I4405273082"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alan M. Friedlander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hawai\u2019i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u2019i","Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hawai\u2019i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u2019i","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533","https://openalex.org/I4405273082"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014349941","display_name":"Enric Ballesteros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5532-5337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5532-5337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135564","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enric Ballesteros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049290303","display_name":"Whitney Goodell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3276-3742","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3276-3742"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135564","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Whitney Goodell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038867540","display_name":"Brian D. Greene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-6863","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-6863"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316368362","display_name":"Bernice P. Bishop Museum","ror":"https://ror.org/04m60en37","country_code":"US","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316368362"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Greene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for the Exploration of Coral Reef Ecosystems, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for the Exploration of Coral Reef Ecosystems, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316368362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067756103","display_name":"Ryan Jenkinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135564","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Jenkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088834897","display_name":"Andrew McInnis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-7087","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-7087"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154776","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi Sea Grant","ror":"https://ror.org/053598c22","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210154776","https://openalex.org/I4405269913"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew J. K. McInnis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida","Science, Technology, and Mathematics, College of the Marshall Islands","University of Hawai\u2019i Sea Grant Program, University of Hawai\u2019i"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science, Technology, and Mathematics, College of the Marshall Islands","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Hawai\u2019i Sea Grant Program, University of Hawai\u2019i","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I4210154776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006030417","display_name":"Juan Mayorga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1961-8313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1961-8313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135564","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Mayorga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016175681","display_name":"Kyotak Ishiguro","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyotak Ishiguro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coastal Fisheries Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coastal Fisheries Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009787781","display_name":"Christopher D. H. Thompson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8202-0221","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8202-0221"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135564","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. H. Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161464110","display_name":"Molly Timmers","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135564","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Molly Timmers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161431034","display_name":"Beven Wakefield","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beven Wakefield","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coastal Fisheries Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coastal Fisheries Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017618502","display_name":"Benedict Yamamura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benedict Yamamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coastal Fisheries Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coastal Fisheries Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161446634","display_name":"Bryant Zebedy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryant Zebedy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coastal Fisheries Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coastal Fisheries Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033241401","display_name":"Enric Sala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-3570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4730-3570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135564","display_name":"National Geographic Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqh5m06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enric Sala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135564"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091342433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533","https://openalex.org/I4210135564","https://openalex.org/I4405273082"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10765","display_name":"Marine Biology and Ecology Research","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11387","display_name":"Ichthyology and Marine Biology","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117480383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42523","display_name":"Atoll","level":3,"score":0.7741000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.6331999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79367842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11292","display_name":"Coral reef","level":2,"score":0.6248999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777981335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55808","display_name":"Seabird","level":3,"score":0.5821999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.552299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83042747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686881","display_name":"Benthic zone","level":2,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77942228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191468","display_name":"Pelagic zone","level":2,"score":0.5163999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77044568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184358","display_name":"Reef","level":2,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151152651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3304561","display_name":"Marine ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68800169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367500","display_name":"Marine protected area","level":3,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777400808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646660","display_name":"Seagrass","level":3,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133079900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155065","display_name":"Community structure","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175570560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2029312","display_name":"Ordination","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144492951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12216807","display_name":"Coral reef fish","level":3,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596539584","display_name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","issn_l":"2296-7745","issn":["2296-7745"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2026.1957660/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596539584","display_name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","issn_l":"2296-7745","issn":["2296-7745"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Marine Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225791932.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225791932.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019300835","https://openalex.org/W1970353442","https://openalex.org/W2017474594","https://openalex.org/W2019122457","https://openalex.org/W2023493166","https://openalex.org/W2031359834","https://openalex.org/W2045190498","https://openalex.org/W2051965506","https://openalex.org/W2064635502","https://openalex.org/W2090509766","https://openalex.org/W2103665472","https://openalex.org/W2113903666","https://openalex.org/W2129633884","https://openalex.org/W2137011837","https://openalex.org/W2167045801","https://openalex.org/W2170657993","https://openalex.org/W2334292531","https://openalex.org/W2422063844","https://openalex.org/W2443667990","https://openalex.org/W2571774551","https://openalex.org/W2584234949","https://openalex.org/W2810743411","https://openalex.org/W2884743525","https://openalex.org/W2946423417","https://openalex.org/W2955185753","https://openalex.org/W2965531873","https://openalex.org/W3044165755","https://openalex.org/W3096838799","https://openalex.org/W3133809357","https://openalex.org/W4246066873","https://openalex.org/W4389371363","https://openalex.org/W4392170246","https://openalex.org/W4401616276","https://openalex.org/W4412157485","https://openalex.org/W4413139779","https://openalex.org/W4414107688","https://openalex.org/W4415559841"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"oceanic":[1,155],"atolls":[2,45,147,221],"provide":[3,283],"increasingly":[4,277],"rare":[5],"opportunities":[6],"to":[7,58,138],"examine":[8],"relatively":[9,153,271],"intact":[10,154,272],"tropical":[11,273],"marine":[12,274],"ecosystems":[13,275],"in":[14,50,84,212,223],"the":[15,43,51,55,70,206,213,220],"Anthropocene.":[16],"However,":[17],"most":[18],"ecological":[19,81,264,285],"studies":[20],"remain":[21],"focused":[22],"on":[23],"individual":[24],"habitats,":[25,88,171],"limiting":[26],"understanding":[27],"of":[28,46,54,76,209],"cross-habitat":[29],"linkages":[30],"across":[31,42,66,291],"terrestrial,":[32],"pelagic,":[33],"mesophotic,":[34],"and":[35,48,64,78,97,103,120,122,132,142,172,184,191,200,232,253,281],"deep-sea":[36,98,115,174,192],"systems.":[37],"We":[38],"investigated":[39],"ecosystem":[40,62,140,149,225],"structure":[41,63,141],"remote":[44,108,268],"Bikar":[47,77,238,280],"Bokak":[49,227,282],"northern":[52,214],"Republic":[53],"Marshall":[56,215],"Islands":[57],"characterize":[59],"biodiversity":[60],"patterns,":[61],"condition,":[65],"terrestrial-to-deep-sea":[67,292],"gradients":[68],"within":[69],"recently":[71],"established":[72],"National":[73],"Marine":[74],"Sanctuaries":[75],"Bokak.":[79],"Integrated":[80],"surveys":[82,193],"conducted":[83],"2023":[85],"included":[86],"terrestrial":[87],"seabird":[89,121,159],"communities,":[90,236],"coral":[91],"reefs,":[92,96],"pelagic":[93],"ecosystems,":[94],"mesophotic":[95,112,170,190],"environments.":[99],"Surveys":[100],"incorporated":[101],"benthic":[102,235],"reef":[104,165],"fish":[105,166,177],"assessments,":[106],"baited":[107],"underwater":[109],"video":[110],"systems,":[111,156],"submersible":[113],"observations,":[114],"camera":[116],"deployments,":[117],"vegetation":[118],"surveys,":[119],"sea":[123,255],"turtle":[124,256],"assessments.":[125],"Multivariate":[126],"analyses,":[127],"generalized":[128],"linear":[129],"mixed":[130],"models,":[131],"constrained":[133],"ordination":[134],"approaches":[135],"were":[136,179],"used":[137],"evaluate":[139],"differences":[143],"between":[144,266],"atolls.":[145,269],"Both":[146],"supported":[148,228],"characteristics":[150],"consistent":[151],"with":[152],"including":[157],"extensive":[158,244],"colonies,":[160],"mature":[161],"native":[162],"vegetation,":[163],"predator-rich":[164],"assemblages,":[167],"structurally":[168],"complex":[169],"diverse":[173],"communities.":[175],"Reef":[176],"assemblages":[178],"dominated":[180],"by":[181],"herbivores,":[182],"sharks,":[183],"other":[185],"upper":[186],"trophic-level":[187],"predators,":[188],"while":[189],"documented":[194],"multiple":[195],"apparent":[196],"new":[197],"regional":[198],"records":[199],"several":[201,224],"provisionally":[202],"identified":[203],"taxa,":[204],"highlighting":[205],"limited":[207],"exploration":[208],"deeper":[210],"habitats":[211],"Islands.":[216],"Despite":[217],"their":[218],"proximity,":[219],"differed":[222],"components.":[226],"higher":[229,248],"reef-fish":[230],"biomass":[231],"more":[233,243],"coral-dominated":[234],"whereas":[237],"exhibited":[239],"greater":[240],"macroalgal":[241],"cover,":[242],"Pisonia":[245],"grandis":[246],"forest,":[247],"Polynesian":[249],"Rat":[250],"encounter":[251],"rates,":[252],"concentrated":[254],"nesting":[257],"activity.":[258],"These":[259],"component-specific":[260],"contrasts":[261],"demonstrate":[262],"substantial":[263],"heterogeneity":[265],"neighboring":[267],"As":[270],"become":[276],"uncommon":[278],"worldwide,":[279],"complementary":[284],"baselines":[286],"for":[287],"evaluating":[288],"future":[289],"change":[290],"gradients.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}