{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225790646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","title":"Assessing learning beyond AI assistance: assisted performance and unaided retention in generative AI-supported learning","display_name":"Assessing learning beyond AI assistance: assisted performance and unaided retention in generative AI-supported learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225790646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132649213","display_name":"Junjie Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3493-3602","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3493-3602"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097214","display_name":"Shandong Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/00vzprm14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097214"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering, Shandong Management University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering, Shandong Management University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5132649213"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097214"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.6431000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.6431000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.14219999313354492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.050700001418590546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7261999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7041000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779192218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16944486","display_name":"Elaboration","level":2,"score":0.487199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.47760000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779549880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5542226","display_name":"PsycINFO","level":3,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132758656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5307365","display_name":"Dreyfus model of skill acquisition","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40506919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452469","display_name":"Sequence learning","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2029407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108617939","https://openalex.org/W2126180793","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2157565254","https://openalex.org/W2161621074","https://openalex.org/W2162764535","https://openalex.org/W2163569782","https://openalex.org/W2166200712","https://openalex.org/W2166524864","https://openalex.org/W2989816439","https://openalex.org/W3117552487","https://openalex.org/W4243906228","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4387023634","https://openalex.org/W4391429431","https://openalex.org/W4406868222","https://openalex.org/W4410308948","https://openalex.org/W4411329208","https://openalex.org/W4411505840","https://openalex.org/W4411627694","https://openalex.org/W4412585266","https://openalex.org/W4416818356","https://openalex.org/W7117788401","https://openalex.org/W7125630967","https://openalex.org/W7137841637","https://openalex.org/W7161955240","https://openalex.org/W7166011856","https://openalex.org/W7204182660","https://openalex.org/W7212183669","https://openalex.org/W7215108203"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(GenAI)":[3],"can":[4],"improve":[5],"task":[6,31,66],"performance":[7,82],"when":[8],"support":[9],"is":[10],"available,":[11],"yet":[12],"these":[13],"gains":[14],"do":[15],"not":[16],"necessarily":[17],"indicate":[18],"what":[19],"learners":[20],"retain":[21],"independently.":[22],"This":[23],"Mini":[24],"Review":[25],"examines":[26],"three":[27,103],"assessment":[28],"conditions:":[29],"assisted":[30],"performance,":[32],"immediate":[33],"testing":[34,39],"without":[35,40],"AI,":[36],"and":[37,55,70,119,129,151,157],"delayed":[38],"AI.":[41],"Relevant":[42],"evidence":[43],"was":[44,77],"identified":[45],"through":[46],"searches":[47],"of":[48,51,96],"the":[49,60,71,97,154],"Web":[50],"Science":[52],"Core":[53],"Collection":[54],"supplementary":[56],"source":[57],"identification.":[58],"Across":[59],"reviewed":[61],"experiments,":[62],"outcomes":[63],"varied":[64],"with":[65,79,105],"demands,":[67],"instructional":[68,120],"design":[69],"skills":[72],"assessed.":[73],"Unrestricted":[74],"AI":[75,107,147],"assistance":[76],"associated":[78],"weaker":[80],"subsequent":[81],"in":[83,114],"some":[84],"comparisons,":[85],"whereas":[86],"structured":[87],"AI-supported":[88],"instruction":[89],"showed":[90],"benefits":[91],"for":[92],"selected":[93,99],"outcomes.":[94],"None":[95],"twelve":[98],"studies":[100,144],"documented":[101],"all":[102],"conditions":[104],"verified":[106],"exclusion":[108],"at":[109],"both":[110],"no-AI":[111],"posttests.":[112],"Variation":[113],"baseline":[115],"measurement,":[116],"follow-up":[117],"intervals":[118],"comparators":[121],"further":[122],"limits":[123],"cross-study":[124],"interpretation.":[125],"Retrieval":[126],"attempts,":[127],"elaboration":[128],"feedback":[130],"use":[131],"offer":[132],"plausible":[133],"explanations,":[134],"but":[135],"their":[136],"roles":[137],"as":[138],"mediators":[139],"remain":[140],"largely":[141],"untested.":[142],"Future":[143],"should":[145],"document":[146],"availability":[148],"during":[149],"learning":[150,159],"testing,":[152],"specify":[153],"constructs":[155],"assessed,":[156],"report":[158],"activities":[160],"between":[161],"assessments.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
