{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225788975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185","title":"Predicting Perceived Barriers to Wider AI Use in Six Survey Samples","display_name":"Predicting Perceived Barriers to Wider AI Use in Six Survey Samples","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225788975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162211185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073720731","display_name":"\u0141ukasz Walusiak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9849-9764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9849-9764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132446","display_name":"Akademia \u015al\u0105ska","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvx1426","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0141ukasz Walusiak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Applied Arts, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9849-9764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Applied Arts, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121075447","display_name":"Bartosz Ignac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7451-3497","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7451-3497"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132446","display_name":"Akademia \u015al\u0105ska","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvx1426","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bartosz Ignac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Applied Arts, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7451-3497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Applied Arts, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106757379","display_name":"Marcin Budzi\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6383-5369","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6383-5369"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132446","display_name":"Akademia \u015al\u0105ska","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvx1426","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Budzi\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116576327","display_name":"Joanna Kalisz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132446","display_name":"Akademia \u015al\u0105ska","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvx1426","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna Kalisz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038103990","display_name":"Yurii Vitkovskyi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5806-8671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5806-8671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132446","display_name":"Akademia \u015al\u0105ska","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvx1426","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yurii Vitkovskyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5806-8671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063643447","display_name":"Agnieszka Szostak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-7698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-7698"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132446","display_name":"Akademia \u015al\u0105ska","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvx1426","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agnieszka Szostak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034681925","display_name":"Marek Gachowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8702-3269","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8702-3269"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132446","display_name":"Akademia \u015al\u0105ska","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvx1426","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marek Gachowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Applied Arts, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Applied Arts, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114799240","display_name":"Ewa Palarczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4399-5112","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4399-5112"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132446","display_name":"Akademia \u015al\u0105ska","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvx1426","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ewa Palarczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Academy of Silesia, 43 Rolna St., 40-555 Katowice, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132446"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"22","first_page":"11185","last_page":"11185"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.5336999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.5336999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.11110000312328339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10068","display_name":"Technology Adoption and User Behaviour","score":0.0949999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7440999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117568660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1650843","display_name":"Multinomial logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.44190001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168743327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1826427","display_name":"Random effects model","level":3,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120894424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory data analysis","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192065140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147928","display_name":"Multinomial distribution","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162211185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app162211185","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app162211185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"assessed":[1],"whether":[2],"demographic":[3],"characteristics,":[4],"reported":[5],"AI":[6],"use":[7],"and":[8,50,59,85,107,116,126,150,163],"attitudes":[9],"predict":[10],"the":[11,76,92,99,108,147],"greatest":[12],"perceived":[13],"barrier":[14],"to":[15],"wider":[16],"artificial":[17],"intelligence":[18],"(AI)":[19],"use.":[20],"The":[21],"analysis":[22],"included":[23],"3528":[24],"adults":[25],"in":[26],"six":[27],"provider-labelled":[28],"survey":[29],"samples":[30],"whose":[31],"geographic":[32,158],"membership":[33],"could":[34],"not":[35,156],"be":[36],"independently":[37],"verified.":[38],"All":[39],"ten":[40],"response":[41],"alternatives":[42],"were":[43,54],"retained.":[44],"Multinomial":[45],"logistic":[46],"regression,":[47],"random":[48,60,88],"forests,":[49],"histogram":[51],"gradient":[52],"boosting":[53],"evaluated":[55,148],"using":[56],"nested":[57],"leave-one-site-out":[58],"five-fold":[61],"validation;":[62],"CatBoost":[63,137],"was":[64,124,129],"added":[65],"as":[66],"an":[67],"exploratory":[68],"comparison.":[69],"Random":[70],"forests":[71],"improved":[72],"log":[73],"loss":[74,94],"over":[75],"corresponding":[77],"training":[78,105],"priors":[79],"by":[80],"0.083":[81],"under":[82,87],"sample":[83,120],"holdout":[84],"0.102":[86],"folds.":[89],"Most":[90],"of":[91],"raw":[93],"difference":[95,100],"between":[96,101],"designs":[97],"reflected":[98],"their":[102,169],"priors.":[103],"Matching":[104],"sizes":[106],"specified":[109],"sensitivity":[110],"analyses":[111],"retained":[112],"modest":[113],"probability":[114],"gains":[115],"weak":[117],"classification.":[118],"Under":[119],"holdout,":[121],"forest":[122],"accuracy":[123],"22.0%":[125],"macro":[127],"F1":[128],"0.093,":[130],"with":[131,146],"zero":[132],"recall":[133],"for":[134],"four":[135],"categories.":[136],"showed":[138],"similarly":[139],"limited":[140],"performance.":[141],"These":[142],"findings":[143],"describe":[144],"prediction":[145],"models":[149],"available":[151],"questionnaire":[152],"variables.":[153],"They":[154],"do":[155],"establish":[157],"mechanisms":[159],"or":[160],"operational":[161],"usefulness,":[162],"support":[164],"directly":[165],"asking":[166],"respondents":[167],"about":[168],"selected":[170],"barrier.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
