{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225787773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v13i10p113","title":"Circular Nutrient Recovery from Domestic Wastewater via Struvite Crystallization: Reactor-Scale Optimization and Fertilizer Valorization","display_name":"Circular Nutrient Recovery from Domestic Wastewater via Struvite Crystallization: Reactor-Scale Optimization and Fertilizer Valorization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225787773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v13i10p113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.14445/23488352/ijce-v13i10p113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v13i10p113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v13i10p113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206216","display_name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","issn_l":"2348-8352","issn":["2348-8352"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5151267232","display_name":"Urmila R. Kawade","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Urmila R. Kawade","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161491827","display_name":"Shreyas B V","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shreyas B V","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161448943","display_name":"Puneeth M S","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puneeth M S","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026760289","display_name":"Padmesh Tirunelveli Narayanapillai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Padmesh Tirunelveli Narayanapillai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062125088","display_name":"Snehal K. Kamble","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4745-6422","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4745-6422"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Snehal K.Kamble","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138792910","display_name":"Shubham Kumar Verma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubham Kumar Verma","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066262806","display_name":"Prashant Sunagar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5574-4328","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5574-4328"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prashant Sunagar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"194","last_page":"210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12186","display_name":"Phosphorus and nutrient management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12186","display_name":"Phosphorus and nutrient management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10564","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419364","display_name":"Struvite","level":3,"score":0.9833999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.8319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323","display_name":"Fertilizer","level":2,"score":0.6137999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.5295000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510538283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674","display_name":"Phosphorus","level":2,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203036418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284256","display_name":"Crystallization","level":2,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777132085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46220103","display_name":"Phosphate","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173209714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q923906","display_name":"Settling","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188287460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555857","display_name":"Chemical oxygen demand","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543218039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660","display_name":"Magnesium","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900279","display_name":"Digestate","level":4,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19570952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905309","display_name":"Suspended solids","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.14445/23488352/ijce-v13i10p113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v13i10p113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v13i10p113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206216","display_name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","issn_l":"2348-8352","issn":["2348-8352"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Civil Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driven":[0],"by":[1],"the":[2,53,91,115,123,143,185,204,225,295,299,308,327,347,351,354,367],"imbalance":[3],"between":[4],"nutrient":[5,77,108,133],"discharge":[6],"and":[7,35,41,49,59,71,95,135,183,200,219,243,256,261,290,305,339,343,377,381],"availability":[8],"of":[9,55,93,125,146,167,217,222,229,233,254,267,273,317,319,362,369],"natural":[10],"resources,":[11],"there":[12],"is":[13,152,176,181,330,365],"a":[14,104,153,165,177,191,277,313,331,336,340,378,385],"growing":[15],"need":[16],"for":[17,20,38,235,238,241,245,258,384],"sustainable":[18,182],"strategies":[19],"managing":[21],"wastewater.":[22,172],"Nutrient":[23],"recovery":[24,134],"from":[25,170],"domestic":[26,171,388],"wastewater":[27,75,98,147,161,227],"through":[28,100],"struvite":[29,63,101,150,174],"crystallization":[30,80,102,151,175],"presents":[31,139],"one":[32],"such":[33],"efficient":[34,89],"circular":[36,144,195],"technology":[37,138,155,179],"recovering":[39,168],"nutrients":[40,169],"producing":[42],"fertilizer.":[43],"A":[44,321],"blade-agitated":[45],"reactor":[46],"was":[47,84,111],"designed":[48],"operated":[50],"to":[51,74,86,113,187,312,357],"investigate":[52],"effects":[54],"various":[56],"magnesium":[57,73,82,259,262,348],"sources":[58],"operating":[60],"parameters":[61],"on":[62,129,190,269],"crystallization.":[64],"Results":[65],"show":[66],"that":[67,156,180,326],"maintaining":[68],"alkaline":[69],"conditions":[70],"adding":[72],"enhance":[76],"recovery.":[78],"Struvite":[79,110],"using":[81],"carbonate":[83,209],"found":[85,112],"be":[87,158,188],"most":[88],"in":[90,107,121,142,194,298],"removal":[92,231],"phosphorus":[94],"nitrogen.":[96],"Additionally,":[97],"treated":[99],"exhibited":[103],"substantial":[105],"reduction":[106],"concentrations.":[109],"have":[114],"same":[116,300],"efficacy":[117],"as":[118,164,303,353],"chemical":[119],"fertilizers":[120],"promoting":[122],"growth":[124],"crops":[126],"when":[127],"used":[128,189],"finger":[130,274],"millet.":[131],"This":[132],"fertilizer":[136,375],"production":[137],"an":[140],"advantage":[141],"use":[145],"resources.":[148],"Therefore,":[149],"promising":[154],"can":[157],"integrated":[159],"into":[160],"treatment":[162,279],"plants":[163],"means":[166],"Furthermore,":[173],"low-energy":[178],"has":[184],"potential":[186],"large":[192],"scale":[193],"systems":[196],"integrating":[197],"water,":[198],"energy,":[199],"food":[201],"production.":[202],"Under":[203],"optimum":[205],"condition":[206],"identified":[207],"(magnesium":[208],"at":[210,224],"5.0":[211],"g/L,":[212],"200":[213],"rpm,":[214],"20":[215],"min":[216,221],"reaction":[218],"20-30":[220],"settling":[223],"native":[226],"pH":[228],"8.9),":[230],"efficiencies":[232],"83.3%":[234],"phosphate,":[236],"81.8%":[237],"nitrogen,":[239],"88.4%":[240],"turbidity":[242],"89.5%":[244],"biochemical":[246],"oxygen":[247],"demand":[248],"were":[249],"obtained,":[250],"against":[251],"phosphate":[252],"removals":[253],"50.0%":[255],"33.3%":[257],"chloride":[260],"sulphate":[263],"respectively.":[264],"One-way":[265],"analysis":[266],"variance":[268],"day-17":[270],"shoot":[271],"height":[272],"millet":[275],"confirmed":[276],"significant":[278],"effect":[280],"(F(4,5)":[281],"=":[282,285,288],"35.08,":[283],"p":[284],"0.00075,":[286],"eta-squared":[287],"0.97),":[289],"Tukey":[291],"HSD":[292],"grouping":[293],"placed":[294],"magnesium-carbonate":[296],"product":[297],"statistical":[301],"group":[302],"urea":[304],"significantly":[306],"above":[307],"unfertilised":[309],"control,":[310],"corresponding":[311],"relative":[314],"agronomic":[315],"effectiveness":[316],"76%":[318],"urea.":[320],"closing":[322],"mass":[323,380],"balance":[324,383],"establishes":[325],"recovered":[328],"material":[329],"struvite-bearing":[332],"composite":[333],"rather":[334],"than":[335],"pure":[337],"phase,":[338],"preliminary":[341],"techno-economic":[342],"energy":[344],"screening":[345],"identifies":[346],"dose,":[349],"not":[350],"reactor,":[352],"controlling":[355],"barrier":[356],"full-scale":[358],"adoption.":[359],"The":[360],"contribution":[361],"this":[363],"work":[364],"therefore":[366],"coupling":[368],"reactor-scale":[370],"magnesium-source":[371],"optimisation":[372],"with":[373],"verified":[374],"valorisation":[376],"transparent":[379],"cost":[382],"single,":[386],"unamended":[387],"sewage.":[389]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
