{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225787372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","title":"Social costs of group life: Larger groups have less affiliative behavior and more social conflict","display_name":"Social costs of group life: Larger groups have less affiliative behavior and more social conflict","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225787372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064989967","display_name":"Brian A. Lerch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-6834","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-6834"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian A Lerch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Davis;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-6834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Davis;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087438998","display_name":"J. Kinyua Warutere","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Kinyua Warutere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amboseli Baboon Research Project;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amboseli Baboon Research Project;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161419487","display_name":"Lilian Musembei","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilian Musembei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amboseli Baboon Research Project;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amboseli Baboon Research Project;","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052204851","display_name":"Elizabeth A. Archie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1187-0998","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1187-0998"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth A Archie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074476246","display_name":"Jenny Tung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-2958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-2958"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118560","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology","ror":"https://ror.org/02a33b393","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210118560"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jenny Tung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007247836","display_name":"Susan C. Alberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1313-488X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1313-488X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan C Alberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1313-488X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10699","display_name":"Primate Behavior and Ecology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10174","display_name":"Animal Behavior and Reproduction","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187898756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395324","display_name":"Agonistic behaviour","level":3,"score":0.8765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777716012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318389","display_name":"Dyad","level":2,"score":0.8719000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176544851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307505","display_name":"Sociality","level":2,"score":0.8615000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6868000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180872759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874405","display_name":"Social group","level":2,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5302000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987946170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relationship","level":2,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2309653","display_name":"Social partners","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142189719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1276633","display_name":"Interpersonal ties","level":2,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985454405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Social benefits","level":3,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17091170","display_name":"Group conflict","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910105707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85764673","display_name":"Group living","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780509455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380","display_name":"Primate","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987759526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874405","display_name":"Group structure","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52820260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551312","display_name":"Social preferences","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14527384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4693403","display_name":"Agonism","level":3,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110379092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571836","display_name":"Social environment","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7881392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616914","display_name":"Social grooming","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98447023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540351","display_name":"Social identity theory","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777644927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300947","display_name":"Social cost","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.10.765676","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"costs":[1,27,80],"and":[2,28,74,173,187],"benefits":[3,164],"of":[4,12,21,129,147,170,179],"sociality":[5],"depend":[6],"in":[7,54,63,82,87,115,121,134,168,181,190],"part":[8],"upon":[9],"the":[10,126,176],"size":[11,97],"groups.":[13],"Therefore,":[14],"individual":[15],"behavior":[16],"should":[17],"vary":[18],"across":[19],"groups":[20,56,123,167,183],"different":[22],"sizes,":[23],"reflecting":[24],"group":[25,96],"size-dependent":[26],"benefits.":[29],"Here,":[30],"we":[31],"test":[32],"this":[33,191],"prediction":[34],"using":[35],"a":[36,85,100,116,144],"long-term":[37],"dataset":[38],"on":[39,153],"wild":[40,192],"female":[41],"baboons":[42],"(Papio":[43],"cynocephalus":[44],"x":[45],"P.":[46],"anubis).":[47],"We":[48],"find":[49],"that":[50,150],"individuals":[51,120,133,180],"who":[52],"live":[53],"larger":[55,117,182],"suffer":[57],"social":[58,76,79,148,177],"costs:":[59],"compared":[60],"to":[61,108,139,165],"animals":[62],"smaller":[64],"groups,":[65,136],"they":[66,137],"experience":[67],"more":[68,93,188],"agonistic":[69,94,109],"interactions,":[70,73],"fewer":[71,104],"grooming":[72,105],"sparser":[75],"networks.":[77],"These":[78],"arise,":[81],"part,":[83],"from":[84],"pattern":[86],"which":[88],"relationships":[89],"within":[90],"dyads":[91],"become":[92],"as":[95,132],"increases":[98],"(i.e.,":[99],"given":[101],"dyad":[102],"exhibits":[103],"interactions":[106,110],"relative":[107],"when":[111],"it":[112],"is":[113],"living":[114],"group).":[118],"While":[119],"large":[122,166],"generally":[124],"maintain":[125],"same":[127],"number":[128,146],"strong":[130],"bonds":[131,142,156],"small":[135],"tend":[138],"develop":[140],"weak":[141],"with":[143],"greater":[145],"partners":[149],"results":[151,159],"in,":[152],"average,":[154],"weaker":[155],"overall.":[157],"Our":[158],"demonstrate":[160],"that,":[161],"despite":[162],"potential":[163],"terms":[169],"predation":[171],"risk":[172],"intergroup":[174],"competition,":[175],"lives":[178],"involve":[184],"less":[185],"affiliation":[186],"conflict":[189],"primate":[193],"population.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}