{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225779261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798","title":"Three-Dimensional Lattice Boltzmann\u2013Cellular Automata Model for Simulating the Solidification Microstructure Under Forced Convection","display_name":"Three-Dimensional Lattice Boltzmann\u2013Cellular Automata Model for Simulating the Solidification Microstructure Under Forced Convection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225779261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19224798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014611490","display_name":"Jingjing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5210-6961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5210-6961"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150411","display_name":"Shandong Youth University of Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwp4t29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Shandong Youth University of Political Science, Jinan 250103, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5210-6961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Shandong Youth University of Political Science, Jinan 250103, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029354509","display_name":"Jian Jun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-2298","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-2298"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-2298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014611490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150411"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"22","first_page":"4798","last_page":"4798"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11087","display_name":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11087","display_name":"Solidification and crystal growth phenomena","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11126","display_name":"Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11751","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24561367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909313","display_name":"Forced convection","level":3,"score":0.7584999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.7555999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10899652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160329","display_name":"Convection","level":2,"score":0.6448000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.6317999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154954056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1604164","display_name":"Transverse plane","level":2,"score":0.5206999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84248122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5256671","display_name":"Dendrite (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50478463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401936","display_name":"Finite volume method","level":2,"score":0.4544000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182310444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643","display_name":"Boundary value problem","level":2,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38976095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641","display_name":"Asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201289731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172599","display_name":"Inlet","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54791560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3285020","display_name":"Natural convection","level":3,"score":0.3723999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781204021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6497091","display_name":"Lattice (music)","level":2,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72687893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815306","display_name":"Prandtl number","level":3,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189234753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007315","display_name":"Combined forced and natural convection","level":4,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158980903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899329","display_name":"Upstream and downstream (DNA)","level":3,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112675119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2992284","display_name":"Periodic boundary conditions","level":3,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35527583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189156","display_name":"Cellular automaton","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425899","display_name":"Immersed boundary method","level":3,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41231900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918227","display_name":"Convective heat transfer","level":3,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179428855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069216","display_name":"Microscale chemistry","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19224798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma19224798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19224798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979257500","https://openalex.org/W1983200752","https://openalex.org/W1988377368","https://openalex.org/W1994875376","https://openalex.org/W2015907410","https://openalex.org/W2018281795","https://openalex.org/W2040906794","https://openalex.org/W2041818574","https://openalex.org/W2054372636","https://openalex.org/W2077619530","https://openalex.org/W2080678700","https://openalex.org/W2114019843","https://openalex.org/W2135913057","https://openalex.org/W2606292481","https://openalex.org/W2758984807","https://openalex.org/W2767087405","https://openalex.org/W2797222161","https://openalex.org/W2797880034","https://openalex.org/W2922798659","https://openalex.org/W2924974743","https://openalex.org/W2994922604","https://openalex.org/W3002346654","https://openalex.org/W3006837733","https://openalex.org/W3007233615","https://openalex.org/W3037729672","https://openalex.org/W3157733790","https://openalex.org/W4210376602","https://openalex.org/W4213209772","https://openalex.org/W4281288032","https://openalex.org/W4387059605","https://openalex.org/W4389267299","https://openalex.org/W4392284136","https://openalex.org/W4393044824","https://openalex.org/W4411166622","https://openalex.org/W4415533630"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Melt":[0],"convection":[1,134],"strongly":[2],"influences":[3],"solidification":[4,30],"microstructure,":[5],"yet":[6],"its":[7],"three-dimensional":[8,19],"interaction":[9],"with":[10,82,225],"evolving":[11],"dendritic":[12],"morphology":[13],"remains":[14],"insufficiently":[15],"quantified.":[16],"Here,":[17],"a":[18,48,63,94,120],"lattice":[20],"Boltzmann\u2013cellular":[21],"automata":[22],"(LBM\u2013CA)":[23],"model":[24,46],"is":[25,60,107,174,184,191,202],"developed":[26],"to":[27,52,109],"simulate":[28],"the":[29,44,54,66,83,89,98,105,111,123,136,148,156,160,171,178,181,188,194,199,207,217],"microstructure":[31],"of":[32],"Fe\u2013C":[33],"alloys":[34],"under":[35],"forced":[36,103,133],"convection.":[37],"The":[38,57,72,127],"LBM":[39],"resolves":[40],"melt":[41,96],"flow,":[42],"and":[43,78,139,154,187,221],"CA":[45],"employs":[47],"decentered-octahedron":[49],"capture":[50,58],"rule":[51,59],"track":[53],"solid\u2013liquid":[55],"interface.":[56],"written":[61],"for":[62,216],"general":[64],"orientation;":[65],"present":[67,218],"calculations":[68,220],"use":[69],"only":[70],"(\u03b1,\u03b2,\u03b3)=(0,0,0).":[71],"finite":[73],"volume":[74],"method":[75],"solves":[76],"heat":[77],"solute":[79],"transport.":[80],"Comparison":[81],"Lipton\u2013Glicksman\u2013Kurz":[84],"(LGK)":[85],"solution":[86],"shows":[87],"that":[88],"simulated":[90],"tip":[91,115],"velocity":[92,162],"in":[93,114,177,204],"quiescent":[95,179],"approaches":[97],"analytical":[99],"steady":[100],"value.":[101,126],"Under":[102],"convection,":[104],"calculation":[106],"used":[108],"examine":[110],"directional":[112],"difference":[113],"velocity,":[116],"rather":[117],"than":[118,176,206],"as":[119],"validation":[121],"against":[122],"same":[124],"LGK":[125],"simulations":[128],"reveal":[129],"strong":[130],"two-way":[131],"coupling:":[132],"thins":[135],"upstream":[137,172,208],"solutal":[138],"thermal":[140],"boundary":[141],"layers":[142],"while":[143],"thickening":[144],"them":[145],"downstream,":[146],"whereas":[147],"growing":[149],"dendrite":[150],"arms":[151],"progressively":[152],"obstruct":[153],"redistribute":[155],"surrounding":[157],"flow.":[158],"Increasing":[159],"inlet":[161,196],"makes":[163],"this":[164],"asymmetry":[165],"more":[166],"pronounced.":[167],"At":[168],"0.0015":[169],"m/s,":[170],"arm":[173,183,190],"longer":[175],"melt,":[180],"transverse":[182],"slightly":[185],"longer,":[186],"downstream":[189,200],"shorter.":[192],"For":[193],"three":[195],"velocities":[197],"examined,":[198],"reduction":[201],"larger":[203],"magnitude":[205],"increase.":[209],"These":[210],"arm-length":[211],"changes":[212],"are":[213,222],"numerical":[214],"results":[215],"forced-convection":[219],"not":[223],"compared":[224],"experimental":[226],"measurements.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}